The Pope or the Pol
Hope in the Third Millennium
or
The Death of the West?
John Paul II versus Pat Buchanan
by John Cavanaugh-O’Keefe
John Walton
Easton, MD
John, thanks for pushing me to read Buchanan’s book. I have
a mixed reaction to it. I find it deeply pessimistic, a cry of despair. It is
diametrically opposed to the clear teaching – teaching, not commentary – of St.
John Paul II, both in its general thrust and in most details. Nonetheless, I
found it extraordinarily helpful – a powerful presentation of a viewpoint that
had baffled me.
For some months in 2022, I felt that I had lost a large part
of my vocation – the ability to see what had happened when people drifted
apart, the ability to see a way toward reconciliation. Maybe I could help, or
maybe not; but for decades I had quite often been able to see the problems that
divided people, and to see both views clearly, and to see some steps toward
reconciliation.
But I didn’t understand Trumpism, the views of a very large
portion of my country. Now, thanks to you, I think I understand them, at least
enough to feel sympathetic.
Buchanan paints a picture of the nation that is coherent and
detailed, that pulls together many different strands of life, that reaches back
through our history and around the world, with interesting and intelligent
insights. He was a political leader, and his job was to develop and promote a
compelling vision; he did so, effectively.
His intention was similar to the work of the Pope, who also
set out to reach back in history, and look at the whole world, and to form and
articulate a vision. Contrasting their visions – in general thrust and also in
detail – was not a sterile exercise. I am not sure why I embarked on the
contrast, but I found the reading, at each step, intriguing. And I hope I can
show you what I saw.
John
Cavanaugh-O’Keefe
September
3, 2022
The
Contrast: A Hopeful Pope and a Blistering Pol
Reading
two texts side by side can offer insights into each. Pope John Paul II wrote Ecclesia
in America (The Church in America) in 1999. Pat Buchanan wrote The
Death of the West in 2002. The documents addressed similar issues at about
the same time.
Pope
John Paul II (1920-2005)
was born Karol Jozef Wojtyla in Poland, May 18, 1920. He was ordained in 1946,
and consecrated a bishop in 1958. He attended the Second Vatican Council, and
contributed to two Council documents – the Decree on Religious Freedom
(in Latin, Dignitatis Humanae) and the Pastoral Constitution on the
Church in the Modern World (Gaudium et Spes). In 1964, he was
appointed Archbishop of Krakow; in 1967 he became a cardinal; in 1978, he was
elected pope.
Like his
predecessor, the short-lived Pope John Paul I, he took the names of the popes
who led the Vatican Council in order to emphasize his commitment to carry
forward the work of the Council.
He
supported the labor movement in Poland, Solidarnosc, that was key to the fall
of Communism in Europe. He worked to restore unity between Catholics and
Orthodox. He pressed for new and fresh explanations of the Church, including
the Catechism of the Catholic Church, a reform of canon law, and the Compendium
of the Social Doctrine of the Church.
In
preparation for the beginning of the Third Millennium, he summoned five
continental synods, and wrote apostolic exhortations after each – Ecclesia
in America being the second in the series.
Patrick
J. Buchanan (1938
- ) was raised in a large Catholic family in Blessed Sacrament parish, in
Washington DC. He attended a Jesuit high school, Gonzaga, and a Jesuit
university, St. Louis.
He was a
conservative writer, and worked in the Goldwater campaign in 1964. In 1966,
when Richard Nixon launched his campaign for the presidency, Buchanan was the
first adviser he hired. He helped to shape the strategy that drew support from
millions of Democrats. He was unapologetic about his loyal support for Nixon,
even after the disgrace that drove him from office; he said that Nixon would
have survived the Watergate crisis if he had taken Buchanan’s advice and burned
the White House tapes.
He was a
prominent news commentator for many years, and he worked in the Reagan White
House.
In 1992
and 1996, he ran for the presidency, but lost in the Republican primaries. In
2000, he ran again, as the candidate of a third party, the Reform party. The
party was slaughtered, receiving just 0.4% of the vote; but the loss in the
election did not measure Buchanan’s impact on conservative thought.
His
resistance to immigration has been a part of his work for decades.
He has
been accused of racism for decades; even Nixon said that Buchanan supported
segregation. The charge depends on how you define racism.
He wrote The
Death of the West after his last run for office in 2000. It was published
in 2002.
Historical
Context for the Continental Synods and Exhortations
In 1989,
the Warsaw Pact began to come apart, beginning with the triumph of Solidarnosc
in Poland. When Poland broke free of Communist domination, six other nations
followed promptly. In 1991, the Warsaw Pact was formally dissolved, and then
the USSR also came apart. The USSR had been comprised of 15 nations, Russia and
14 satellite nations. Those 14 newly freed countries included eight in Asia and
six in
Europe. The eight Asian nations included five Muslim states and three states
south of the Caucasus Mountains, which is part of the border between Europe and
Asia. So Europe was, quite suddenly, transformed, with 13 newly independent
nations in Europe and three more at the border.
The
nations leaving the Warsaw Pact – escaping from domination by Moscow – included
Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania. The
nations that broke out of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
included six in Europe: three on the Baltic Sea – Estonia, Latvia, and
Lithuania – and three southwest of Russia – Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine. (There
were eight nations in Asia that left the USSR: three south of the Caucasus
Mountains – Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia – and five Muslim nations southeast
of Russia: Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan.) Yugoslavia
also began to break in pieces, and Czechoslovakia divided in two in 1993. One
nation did not remain independent; East Germany joined West Germany,
re-establishing the most powerful non-Communist nation in the Europe.
Europe was
transformed. This transformation had started in Poland, where Lech Walesa led
Solidarnosc to challenge the dictatorship. During the struggle all through the
1980s, Walesa worked closely with the Polish Pope, St. John Paul II. (Walesa
also received immense support from the United States, led by President Ronald
Reagan.) The Pope – who was trained and ordained during Poland and Europe’s war
with the Nazis – led the Church in a confrontation with Communism. He was among
the principal architects of this new Europe.
John Paul
II was not one to sit on his laurels while there was still work to be done. After
the immense joys of 1991, he plunged right back into the effort to end the
schism between the East and the West, which he called the two lungs of the
Church. He renewed an ecumenical struggle, to unite God’s people – reaching out
to the Orthodox communities, while rejecting various forms of coercive or
manipulative "proselytizing.” (The Church today still distinguishes
between evangelizing and proselytizing, encouraging the former and rejecting
the latter.) He never lost track of his responsibility to cooperate with all
people of good will – ALL.
He
summoned a special synod of all the bishops of Europe, the Special Assembly for
Europe, to ask in a new and fresh way what it meant to be “witnesses of Christ
who has set us free.” In his homily at the end of the synod, in December 1991,
he focused on the mystery of the Trinity present in human history. St. Paul
wrote that those who live in Christ are a “new creation.” But what is the
relationship between this new creation and earthly progress? How do we combine
or reconcile spiritual truths and historical realities? The Pope said: “The
Second Vatican Council recalled that this reconciliation constitutes the
permanent mission of the Church; the challenge for all those who, guided by the
Holy Spirit, become sons in the Son; the challenge for us, the pastors of the
Church.”
Christ has
reconciled us with God. Is that reconciliation supposed to have practical
meaning in the history of Europe? The Pope asked, “Will [the Church] be able to
transfer the reconciliation, with which Christ has reconciled the world to
himself, to the interhuman and international dimensions?” This, he said, is a
“key question for the future of Europe and the world.”
Christ
drives us, said the Pope, to take part in the transformation of Europe – and
the world. “May Your will be done on earth as it is in heaven.”
He
insisted repeatedly that spiritual realities are supposed to change the lives
of individuals and nations. “Driven by the love of Christ, we will walk the
paths of the old continent to proclaim the truth that makes us free, inviting
everyone to renew themselves interiorly in holiness and justice.”
He
exhorted, “Dear Brother Bishops, as you return to your Christian communities,
do not cease to be and act as true “witnesses of Christ who has set us free.” This
freedom refers to something that the Lord did two thousand years ago, and also
to something that the Lord does today in the depths of the heart of a person
who follows the Spirit, and also to the tumultuous events unfolding right then
in the history of Europe.
“Multiply
your initiatives to carry out the new evangelization of Europe,” he cried out. “Let
us conclude today to begin again, once again, in the name of Christ, who drives
us.”
+++
This was
the first synod of Europe. “Synod”: to us today, the word may conjure up a
world of spiritual experts, moldy old men half hidden behind long beards and the
smoke of their incense, delivering oracles in a list of foreign languages,
wagging bony fingers at the sky. Synod! What kind of word is that?
Synod is Greek for a road that we
take together. Syn = with. Hodos = road. (Recall Exodus,
the road out of Egypt, or out of slavery.) The word emphasizes that the people
of God, including the bishops, are all pilgrims on the way to heaven –
together.
+++
The
Five Continental Synods
Over the
next few years, the Pope’s vision and determination expanded. His focus shifted,
like a telescope turning from the moon close by to bright stars to the vast
mysteries of deep space. He was keenly aware of what was transpiring from month
to month in the tumult of a new Europe, but he also considered events measured
in centuries and millennia. He had summoned this synod of Europe in what he
called, carefully, “Anno Domini 1991.” He spelled it out, and didn’t slide over
it with the nearly invisible abbreviation “A.D .” More and more, he fixed his
eyes on “tertio millennio Domini” – the third millennium of the Lord’s activity
on earth, the third millennium in the “time of the Church.” In the first
millennium, for example, Europe as a whole became Christian – not perfect, but
aware of the Lord. In the second half of the second millennium, five centuries
– just another example – the Gospel was preached throughout America. So what
are we supposed to do in the third millennium?
Tomorrow, maybe
we’ll have Cheerios for breakfast and mow the lawn. Next week, we celebrate a
child’s birthday. Next month, we travel. Next year, we may put an addition on
the house. Next decade, the parish may build a school. Next century? What are
your plans for 2000 to 2100? No? You haven’t been thinking about that? How
about the next millennium? Well, the Pope has been thinking about it, and wants
you to think about it.
After the European
synod, John Paul II planned and summoned five more synods – continental synods,
making plans for the third millennium. He met with the bishops of …
·
Africa
in 1994
·
America
in 1997
·
Asia
in spring 1998
·
Oceania
in fall 1998
·
Europe
a second time in 1999.
The topic, at each meeting: evangelization in
the next millennium.
The themes
were slightly different from one synod to the next:
·
Ecclesia
in Africa: on the Church in Africa and its evangelizing mission towards the
year 2000
·
Ecclesia
in America: on the encounter with the living Jesus Christ: the Way to
conversion, communion and solidarity in America
·
Ecclesia
in Asia: on Jesus Christ the Savior and his mission of love and service in
Asia: “… that they may have life and have it abundantly” (Jn 10:10)
·
Ecclesia
in Oceania: on Jesus Christ and the peoples of Oceania: walking his way, telling
his truth, living his life
·
Ecclesia
in Europa: on Jesus Christ alive in his Church: the source of hope for Europe.
Each of
the synods was followed by a “post-synodal apostolic exhortation” – the Pope’s
own summary of the synod, with his pastoral encouragement and urging and
leadership, with his authority as the Vicar of Christ. Each of these
exhortations is addressed to the clergy “and to all the lay faithful” – not to
the bishops only, not to clergy only, nor to professional religious folks only,
but to all of us. They are not addressed to the all people of good will, like
some Church documents; but they are addressed to all Catholics. The letters
probably got lost in the mail 99% of the time, but the Pope was trying to talk
to a billion people, including you.
Each of
the exhortations is a short book, about 25,000 words. Each has an introduction,
four to seven chapters, and a conclusion. Each begins with a summary of the
background – how the synod came about, a reflection on the new evangelization, and
a sketch of life in that continent. Each includes some discussion of the blessings
and challenges in that continent, and also some discussion of major moral
issues there. Each concludes with prayer, informed by the discussion.
To
understand the exhortation addressed to America, Ecclesia in America, it
is worthwhile to skim through the key ideas in the other four continental
exhortations.
It can be
a gross misrepresentation of the Pope’s thought, deforming his message, to pull
out the lists of moral issues. His intent is to announce the Gospel. He sees
the struggle for justice as a key part of the Gospel – indispensable, but
secondary. The Pope is not only a moral guide; he is also a spiritual leader. But
recognizing the hazard, we can still make the point: the contrast between his
thought and that of another man making claims about morality – Pat Buchanan –
can be seen in these lists.
Key issues
of social doctrine in Ecclesia in Africa
The first
continental synod in the series was in Africa. This exhortation following the
synod has seven chapters. Chapter III, “Evangelization and Inculturation,” is noteworthy.
The topic is complex and the Pope’s discussion is nuanced. A detail:
“66.
Commitment to dialogue must also embrace all Muslims of good will. Christians
cannot forget that many Muslims try to imitate the faith of Abraham and to live
the demands of the Decalogue. In this regard the message of the synod
emphasizes that the living God, Creator of heaven and earth and the Lord of
history, is the Father of the one great human family to which we all belong. As
such, he [that is, God] wants us to bear witness to him through our respect for
the values and religious traditions of each person, working together for human
progress and development at all levels.”
In Chapter
V, “Building the Kingdom of God,” there is a section exploring “Some worrisome
problems.” They include:
·
Restoring
hope to youth
·
The
scourge of AIDS
·
"Beat
your swords into ploughshares" (Is 2:4): no more wars!
·
Refugees
and displaced persons
·
The
burden of the international debt
·
Dignity
of the African woman
+++++++
A note on the Pope’s language:
“inculturation” in America
There is a
term used in explaining the work of the Church in the modern world that is not
used much outside ecclesiastical circles. The term – together with the idea it
refers to – is necessary in order to form a clear understanding of what the
Pope says about the Church’s mission in America.
The word
refers to a kind of dialogue between a culture and the Gospel. The earliest
example is from the Acts of the Apostles, describing St. Paul’s work in Athens.
In his speech at the Areopagus, he engaged his Athenian audience: “Athenians, I
see that in every respect you are very religious. For as I walked around
looking carefully at your shrines, I even discovered an altar inscribed, ‘To an
Unknown God.’ What therefore you unknowingly worship, I proclaim to you.” (Acts
17:22-23) He began his work by offering a link from what they knew and did to
what he knew and wanted to teach.
In the
history of the Church, the need for “inculturation” became evident when the
Jesuits brought the Gospel to China. The Chinese venerated their ancestors: was
that proper filial piety, or pagan worship? The Jesuits and the Dominicans
argued about it, and after some back and forth the Vatican decided that the
missionaries should oppose the practice. Some people were of the view that this
anti-Confucian decision smashed missionary work in China for several centuries.
In any case, the decision was reversed by Pope Pius XII in 1939.
In his
1990 encyclical Redemptoris Missio, St. John Paul II encouraged
inculturation, saying that “today it is particularly urgent.”
The process
of the Church’s insertion into peoples’ cultures is a lengthy one. It is not a
matter of purely external adaptation, for inculturation “means the intimate
transformation of authentic cultural values through their integration in
Christianity and the insertion of Christianity in the various human cultures.”
The process is thus a profound and all-embracing one, which involves the
Christian message and also the Church’s reflection and practice. But at the
same time, it is a difficult process, for it must in no way compromise the
distinctiveness and integrity of the Christian faith.
Through
inculturation the Church makes the Gospel incarnate in different cultures and
at the same time introduces peoples, together with their cultures, into her own
community. She transmits to them her own values, at the same time taking the
good elements that already exist in them and renewing them from within. Through
inculturation the Church, for her part, becomes a more intelligible sign of
what she is, and a more effective instrument of mission.
+++++++
Key
issues of social doctrine in Ecclesia in Asia
The Asian exhortation
has seven chapters. It covers an immense topic! Two thirds of the world’s
population is in Asia. Jesus was born in Asia. It is the cradle of the world's
major religions—Judaism, Christianity, Islam and Hinduism – plus spiritual
traditions including Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, Zoroastrianism, Jainism,
Sikhism and Shintoism. Inculturation is a major issue here.
Chapter
VI, “The Service of Human Promotion,” explores the social doctrine of the
Church as applied to Asia. “The social doctrine of the Church, which proposes a
set of principles for reflection, criteria for judgement and directives for
action, is addressed in the first place to the members of the Church. It is
essential that the faithful engaged in human promotion should have a firm grasp
of this precious body of teaching and make it an integral part of their
evangelizing mission.” (#32) The sections within this chapter are:
·
The
Social Doctrine of the Church (#32)
·
The
Dignity of the Human Person (#33)
·
Preferential
Love of the Poor (#34)
·
The
Gospel of Life (#35)
·
Health
Care (#36)
·
Education
(#37)
·
Peacemaking
(#38)
·
Globalization
(#39)
·
Foreign
Debt (#40)
·
The
Environment (#41)
Key
Issues of Social Doctrine in Oceania
The
exhortation has four chapters. Oceania is vast, about a third of the earth’s
surface; but its population is relatively small, and unevenly distributed. There
is a rich variety of different cultures; again, inculturation is a major issue
for the Church here. “The challenges of modernity and post-modernity are
experienced by all the local Churches in Oceania, but with particular force by
those in societies most powerfully affected by secularization, individualism
and consumerism.” (#18)
Chapter
III, “Telling the Truth of Jesus Christ in Oceania,” has four sections: “A New
Evangelization,” “The Challenge of Faith Today,” “Hope for Society,” and
“Charitable Works.” The section about hope for society has an exploration of issues
of justice. And that includes:
·
The
Church's Social Teaching (#26)
·
Human
Rights (#27)
·
Indigenous
Peoples (#28)
·
Development
Aid (#29)
·
The
Sanctity of Life (#30)
·
The
Environment (#31)
The
section on charitable works explains what the Church is doing about education,
health, and social services.
Key
Issues of Social Doctrine in Europe
(this
is explored a little more carefully than Africa and Asia and Oceania)
Ecclesia
in Europa is
particularly interesting for several reasons. (1) It’s from the second
European synod; the first was in 1991, before the Pope launched his series of
continental synods. The earlier synod was about the immense changes that had
just occurred, which the Pope characterizes as “the collapse of the walls”; the
second synod is about how to restore hope. That is, while all the other
continental synods addressed the new evangelization, this one is about
repair – about a renewed evangelization. (2) Pat Buchanan’s book The
Death of the West quotes (and mangles) this synod in a noteworthy fashion.
Also interesting (3): this exhortation deals with the interplay of social services
and social justice in a way that is slightly different from the treatment
elsewhere.
For
centuries, the history of the Church and the history of Europe were
inseparable. Europe, for centuries, was Christian. In 800 AD, the Pope crowned
Charlemagne as emperor (of the Roman empire). In 1804, Napoleon caused a stir
when he had the Pope witness his coronation as emperor (of France, for
the moment); Napoleon crowned himself, while the Pope watched. (At the time,
the Pope was perhaps humiliated; in retrospect, Catholics can perhaps be
relieved that we didn’t crown the butcher.) In any case, church and state
throughout Europe were fantastically intertwined, like some Irish knot.
As the
Third Millennium approached, the Pope’s exhortation noted, Europe was becoming
increasingly secular. The population of many nations was declining. The theme
of this synod, and this exhortation, was hope, “to proclaim this message of
hope to a Europe which seems to have lost sight of it.” (#2)
Buchanan
quotes an article in the Christian Science Monitor, reporting a fact but
not a truth.
In 1999,
Pope John Paul II convoked a continental Episcopal Synod to take the pulse of
the faith in the Old Continent. The news was not good. Secularism, reported the
bishops, “poisons a large section of Christians in Europe. There is a great
risk of de-Christianization and paganization of the Continent.” (Buchanan, p.
180)
He
should not have referred to the synod this way; it was out of context. The
synod did indeed see a problem – but took it as a challenge and outlined a
response. Buchanan’s response and the Church’s response could not possibly be
more different. The Pope’s exhortation calls for open-ness and hope; Buchanan
counsels closed borders and despair. (More on this later.)
Throughout
her history, the Church has offered practical hands-on services, feeding the
hungry and caring for the sick. Also, throughout her history, the Church has
urged leaders and nations to protect the peace and to do justice. These
initiatives, personal and social, are sometimes characterized as “social
services” and “social justice.” The Church does both. Bureaucrats drawing
organizational charts may separate the two; budgets may list these works on
different pages. But they spring from the same source, and they complement each
other.
Previous
synods and exhortations spoke of social justice, and listed specific social
concerns (including immigration and the environment, for example), and also listed
social services (education, health, care for the poor) elsewhere: two lists. Ecclesia
in Europa does not do that. Instead, the Social Gospel permeates the entire
exhortation.
The
exhortation is founded on the Pope’s faith in the Lord; that is the heart of
his pastoral words to people of faith. The focus here is not on the heart of
his message; the focus here is on a significant but secondary matter – the way
he speaks about social justice.
The
letter has six chapters.
Chapter
One, “Christ Is Our Hope,” explains some of the challenges to evangelization in
Europe: simple bewilderment, a loss of memory and heritage, agnosticism,
nihilism, relativism, a weakening sense of solidarity. And yet, John Paul II writes
also of a slowly emerging new consciousness and culture that is not national
but rather European, that is characterized by a commitment to democratic
processes, a spirit of freedom, growing European unity, respect for human
rights. “We sincerely hope,” he says, “that, in creative fidelity to
the humanist and Christian traditions of our continent, there will be a
guarantee of the primacy of ethical and spiritual values.” Further, he sees and applauds a
new ecumenism based on truth, charity and reconciliation. The language and
concerns of the Social Gospel emerge in the chapter on evangelization.
Chapter
Two, “The Gospel of Hope Entrusted to the Church of the New Millennium,” is
about matters that might be considered internal church problems – vocations and
such. But it also addresses two issues of social justice. First, in this
exhortation, as in all the other exhortations preparing for the new millennium,
the Pope talks about the relations between the Catholic and Orthodox
communities. The great East-West schism has lasted for nearly a full
millennium, and we should work unceasingly for unity. The schism is not just a
concern for theologians in ivory towers; Putin’s war in Ukraine (in 2022 Anno
Domini) draws in part on this ancient and violent relationship. And second, this
chapter includes some impassioned language denouncing injustice against women.
Chapter
Three, “Proclaiming the Gospel of Hope,” is, obviously, about proclaiming. The
key idea in the chapter is that the Church must take great care to maintain a focus
on our Lord, Jesus Christ. The message that the Church brings is not an ancient
and tested ethical framework; it is simply that Jesus came among us.
But
even with this sharp focus on what the Church proclaims, St. John Paul II
includes some words about our relations with Muslims, urging deliberate
cultivation of “knowledge of other religions, in order to establish a fraternal
conversation with their members who live in today's Europe. A proper
relationship with Islam is particularly important.” (#57)
There
is also a careful and thought-provoking section on inculturation.
Chapter
Five, “Serving the Gospel of Hope,” begins with a sober reflection on
Revelation: each of the letters to the seven churches in the Book of Revelation
begins, “I know your works” – or words to that effect. The Church is not about
good ideas; it’s about loving God and – if that love is real – then also loving
our neighbor. The chapter has three sections:
·
I.
The service of charity
·
II.
Serving men and women in society
·
III.
Let us commit ourselves to charity!
Charity:
The Pope calls for action, in communion and solidarity, that will strengthen
the hope that Europe needs. “For every person, charity received
and given is the primordial experience which gives rise to hope. He
remains a being that is incomprehensible for himself, his life is senseless, if
love is not revealed to him, if he does not encounter love, if he does not
experience it and make it his own.” (#84) He calls for a “culture of
solidarity.” (#85)
The section on service has a short
catalog of social justice priorities:
·
“Giving new hope to the poor,” which
includes confronting unemployment (#87), care for the sick (#88), and
protecting the environment (#89)
·
The truth about marriage and the
family
·
At the service of the Gospel of life
·
Building a city worthy of man – the
Social Gospel makes sense in a secularized culture
·
Towards a culture of acceptance –
about immigration.
The section on commitment echoes the
words from the opening of Gaudium et Spes, the great pastoral document
from Vatican II that provides the most authoritative assertion of the Social
Gospel. The Pope says: “The joys and hopes, the sorrows and anxieties of
contemporary Europeans, especially the poor and the suffering, must also be
your joys and your hopes, your sorrows and your anxieties. May nothing which is
genuinely human lack an echo in your heart.” And he cries out:
·
“Be poor yourself and a friend to
the poor …”
·
“see in the attitude of Christ, who
always defended the truth yet still showed mercy towards sinners, the supreme
norm of all your actions …”
·
“in Jesus, at whose birth peace was
proclaimed, in him whose death broke down the walls of enmity and brought true
peace, be a builder of peace. …”
·
“in Jesus, who is the justice of
God, never grow weary of denouncing injustice in all its forms.”
Chapter Six, “The Gospel of Hope for a New Europe,” the Pope
calls out insistently for a new culture founded on authentic values, not merely
on geography and economic considerations.
109. In the process of
transformation which it is now undergoing, Europe is called above all
to rediscover its true identity. Even though it has developed into a highly
diversified reality, it needs to build a new model of unity in diversity, as a
community of reconciled nations open to the other continents and engaged in the
present process of globalization.
To give new impetus to its own
history, Europe must “recognize and reclaim with creative fidelity those
fundamental values, acquired through a decisive contribution of Christianity,
which can be summarized in the affirmation of the transcendent dignity of the
human person, the value of reason, freedom, democracy, the constitutional state
and the distinction between political life and religion.”
He cries out for peace:
Promoting solidarity and peace in
the world
111. Saying “Europe” must be equivalent to saying
“openness”. Despite experiences and signs to the contrary, which it has not
lacked, European history itself demands this: “Europe is really not a closed or
isolated territory; it has been built by expanding overseas and meeting other
peoples, other cultures, other civilizations”.(172) Therefore it needs to be an open
and welcoming Continent, continuing to develop in the current process of
globalization forms of cooperation which are not merely economic but social and
cultural as well.
The Pope, who supported the
Solidarity movement that cracked the power of Communism in Poland and then in a
dozen more European nations, cries out:
112. Europe must moreover become an
active partner in promoting and implementing a globalization “in” solidarity.
This must be accompanied, as a pre-condition, by a kind of globalization
“of” solidarity and of the related values of equity, justice and
freedom, based on the firm conviction that the marketplace needs to be
“appropriately controlled by the forces of society and by the state, so as to guarantee
that the basic needs of the whole of society are satisfied.”
The Europe handed down to us by
history has witnessed the rise, especially in the last century, of totalitarian
ideologies and extreme forms of nationalism which darkened the hopes of individuals
and the peoples on the Continent and sparked conflicts both within and between
nations, leading up to the immense tragedy of the two World Wars. … In this state of affairs, Europe, with all its
inhabitants, needs to work tirelessly to build peace within
its borders and throughout the world. In this regard, it must be recalled that
“on the one hand, national differences ought to be maintained and encouraged as
the foundation of European solidarity, while on the other, national identity
itself can only be achieved in openness towards other peoples and through
solidarity with them.”
He insists that "the role of
international institutions is in many ways decisive.” (#113) He urges
that “these same European institutions and the individual states of Europe to
recognize that a proper ordering of society must be rooted in authentic
ethical and civil values shared as widely as possible by its citizens.”
(#114) Together with all the bishops at the bishops of Europe, he calls upon
the leaders of Europe:
“Raise your voices in the face of the
violation of human rights of individuals, minorities and
peoples, beginning with the right to religious freedom; pay utmost attention to
everything that concerns human life from the moment of its
conception to natural death and to the family based on
marriage: these are the foundations on which our common European home rests;
... respond, with justice and equity and with a great sense of solidarity, to
the growing phenomenon of migration, and see in it a new
resource for the future of Europe; make every effort to guarantee young people
a truly humane future with work, culture, and education in
moral and spiritual values.” (#115)
Note well! Ecclesia in Europa is eloquent about
defending the unborn, but also – over and over – places the defense of the
unborn next to the defense of migrants and refugees.
+++
Ecclesia
in America
(sketch only – more in the
subsequent contrasts below)
Ecclesia in America
was the second in Pope John Paul II’s series of continental synods and
exhortations – after Africa, but before Asia, Oceania, and Europe. The quick
surveys of the other four should be helpful in understanding this one. The
synod with all the bishops of America was in the fall of 1997; the post-synodal
apostolic exhortation was given at Mexico City on January 22, 1999.
“America.” St. John Paul II was not ignorant; he was aware
that geographers for centuries have thought of North America and South America as
separate continents, just as they consider Europe and Asia as separate
continents, although they are connected. But he thought of America as a unit –
the land where the Gospel was preached beginning in 1492, the land where the
principal catechist imparting the Catholic faith was the Virgin of Guadalupe,
beginning in 1531 in Mexico. The dominant culture of North America is
Eurocentric, at least in its origins; the Pope didn’t argue about that, but he
had a different perception.
(Picture a key in a lock. When this key is horizontal, east
to west, the door is locked. But when you turn it to a vertical position, north
to south, the door is unlocked. In some ways, the Pope’s perception is as simple
as that. The history of the United States – its past – is Eurocentric and
loaded with problem. The future of the United States is not Eurocentric, or at
least it doesn’t have to be. It is – or can be – oriented differently, deeply aware
of its connections with the south. Past, future; closed, open; Europe, South
America.)
The place where the exhortation Ecclesia in America was
given is significant to people who seek to protect immigrants: Mexico City. The
date when the exhortation was given is significant to people who seek to
protect unborn children: January 22.
The exhortation has six chapters that are almost all
captured in the title. The full title of the document is Post-synodal
Apostolic Exhortation Ecclesia in America of the Holy Father John Paul II to
the Bishops, Priests and Deacons, Men and Women Religious, and All the Lay
Faithful, On the Encounter with the Living Jesus Christ: the Way to Conversion,
Communion and Solidarity in America. The six chapters are:
·
Chapter I: The Encounter with the
Living Jesus Christ
·
Chapter II: Encountering Jesus
Christ in America Today
·
Chapter III: The Path of Conversion
·
Chapter IV: The Path to Communion
·
Chapter V: The Path to Solidarity
·
Chapter VI: The Mission of the
Church in America Today: The New Evangelization
+++++++
Sketch of The
Death of the West: How Dying Populations and Immigrant Invasions Imperil Our
Country and Civilization.
By Patrick
J. Buchanan. St. Martin’s Press, New York, NY. 2002.
Buchanan
identifies and discusses four threats to the survival of Western civilization:
Third World immigrant invasions, the dying out of European peoples, the menace
of multiculturalism, and the rise of a world socialist superstate. His book has
ten hair-raising and dismaying chapters, with an eloquent introduction and
afterword. He explains that things are falling apart, and he does not offer a
way forward. Nonetheless, he counsels, we must resist with courage.
Introduction
“Pat,
we’re losing the country we grew up in.” This idea, which Buchanan puts in the
mouths of his audience, drives the book. Something is awry. Something great is
ending. Something is dying. Like Macbeth, Buchanan sees danger from outside and
also danger from within – an invasion exacerbated by traitors.
There’s a
hint to the problem when Buchanan situates us in time: on the cusp of the
“Second American Century.” So what was going on 100 years before Buchanan’s
book? It’s not 1776. It’s not the Great Awakening. It’s not the Civil War,
beginning or ending. It’s not about slavery. The 20th century was
when the United States became a world power – the world power,
militarily and economically. This about money and power. No, more: this was our
time of unrivaled military power, economic promise, and cultural influence.
The
problem is, late in the American Century, there was a cultural revolution, and
the nation split in two. Half the nation is rural, Christian, religiously
conservative; the other half is socially tolerant, pro-choice, secular,
city-dwellers on the coasts. “This chasm in our country,” opines Buchanan, “is
not one of income, ideology, or faith, but of ethnicity and loyalty.” America
was split by immigrants, a rapidly growing segment of the population. This was
no longer a melting pot of Europeans; the “immigration tsunami” was rolling in
from Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The nation was becoming “a conglomeration
of peoples with almost nothing in common.” Millions of Americans began to feel
like “strangers in their own land.”
The
division deepened: “Not only ethnically and racially, but culturally and
morally, we are no longer one people or one nation under God.” The old virtues
became sins, and the old sins became virtues. The division became a religious
and cultural war. Immigrants, hedonists, Communists, and Democrats joined
together. Would this coalition of horror bring the twilight of the West? Or,
more simply, will the forces arrayed against civilization cause the outright
death of the West?
Chapter
One, “Endangered Species”
Buchanan
examines the birthrates of Europe nations. They are all falling precipitously,
while the population of the world as a whole is rising. “In 1960, people of
European ancestry were one-fourth of the world’s population; in 2000, they were
one-sixth; in 2050, they will be one-tenth. These are the statistics of a
vanishing race.” (Buchanan, p. 12)
Why is
this happening? Buchanan blames, first, socialism – if the state cares for the
elderly, you don’t need a family to care for you as you age.
To replace
a generation, the average child/woman ration – the “fertility rate” – has to be
2.1. When Buchanan was writing in 2001, the fertility rate for Europe as a
whole was 1.4.
“Clemenceau’s
Revenge.” After World War One, a French leader, Georges Clemenceau, complained
that there were too many Germans – twenty million too many. But in 2000, the birthrate of
Germany was 1.3.
“Italy, A
Theme Park.” Italy has a stunning variety of old buildings loaded with history.
But the fertility rate in 2000 was 1.2.
Russia,
the “command post of a Soviet Empire,” was at 1.17. When the fertility rate
dips, the population gets older and grayer, but the older grayer people may
live longer and keep the total population up. The population will fall, but not
right away. In Russia, the population was already falling in 2000.
In
Britain, the population rate in 2000 was 1.66.
Buchanan
notes that Japan was the first Asian nation to “enter the modern era.” He’s not
referring to sunrise on January 1, 1900, or anything like that. He means that
Japan is a “developed” nation. Anyway, it’s modern developed fertility rate in
2000 was 1.34. It too was a declining power.
To imagine
the coming changes, Buchanan looks at 2050, when Europe will have (is projected
to have) a population of 556 million. “Let us look again at the population
projections for 2050, and try to visualize what our world will look like. In
Africa, there will be 1.5 billion people. From Morocco to the Persian Gulf will
be an Arab-Turkic-Islamic sea of 500 million. In South Asia will live 700
million Iranians, Afghans, Pakistanis, and Bangladeshis, and 1.5 billion
Indians. There will be 300 million Indonesians, and China, with 1.5 billion
people, will brood over Asia.” (Buchanan, p. 22)
Demography
matters, says Buchanan. “The Death of the West is not a prediction of
what is going to happen, it is a depiction of what is happening now. First
World nations are dying.” (Buchanan, p. 23) If the birthrate is not reversed –
fewer abortions, more births – then “we can begin to write the final chapters
of the history of our civilization and the last will and testament of the
West.” (Buchanan, p. 24)
Chapter
Two, “Where Have All the Children Gone?”
Buchanan
examines some possible causes of the dramatic population implosion. The tools
for it are easy to find – “The Pill” was invented in 1960 and was used
everywhere in America within a decade, and then in 1973 the Supreme Court
decided that abortion was a right protected by the Constitution, and medical
abortions – produced by something ingested rather than by surgical intervention
– became possible. The how is pretty clear; but what’s the why? There was a
sexual revolution of the 1960s, but that’s a label, not an explanation. What
drove the cultural revolution? Buchanan explores a list of overlapping possible
causes.
·
The
new economy. There was a massive shift from farms to factories, and women came
into this new job market. Urbanization and feminism together changed the
economy.
·
End
of the “family wage.” It was standard, for some generations, for American
employers to pay men higher wages if they were supporting families. A “living
wage” meant a wage sufficient to support a family on one salary. This idea was
replaced, says Buchanan, by “equal pay for equal work.”
·
The
“Population Bomb” Hysteria. A book by Paul Ehrlich brought back the an idea of
Thomas Malthus, that geometric growth of population would eventually outstrip
the world’s ability to feed people. A failure to control the population of the
world guaranteed that global starvation would arrive at some date in the
future.
·
Feminism.
Buchanan notes that early feminists were anti-abortion, but says that feminism
in our time is pro-abortion, anti-male, and anti-marriage.
·
The
Popular Culture. Magazines, soap operas, romance novels, and prime-time TV all
celebrated the joys of sex far above the happiness of motherhood.
·
The
Collapse of the Moral Order. “As late as the 1950s, divorce was a scandal,
‘shacking up’ was how ‘white trash’ lived, abortion was an abomination, and
homosexuality the ‘love that dare not speak its name.’ Today, half of all
marriages end in divorce, ‘relationships are what life is about, and ‘the love
that dare not speak its name will not shut up.”
Taken
together, the revolutionary changes are lethal, Buchanan argues. “For the
decisions women are making today will determine if Western nations will even be
around in a century, and Western women are voting no.”
Chapter
Three: Catechism of a Revolution
Buchanan
argues that the changes at the end of the 20th century were
revolutionary, and that they produce what amounts to a new religion, a new
faith. Examples (per Buchanan): the new faith is “of, by, and for this world
alone”; all lifestyles are equal; thou shalt not be judgmental; using public
schools to indoctrinate children in Judeo-Christian beliefs is forbidden; in
politics, the new faith is globalist and skeptical of patriotism.
Two
major tenets in the catechism of the revolution:
1.A religion needs devils as well as
angels. … To the revolution, Western history is a catalog of crimes—slavery,
genocide, colonialism, imperialism, atrocities, massacres—committed by nations
that professed to be Christian. The white race is the cancer of human history.
2.The most odious crimes are hate
crimes, committed by whites against blacks. Crimes by blacks against whites
don’t count as hate crimes.
Chapter
Four: “Four Who Made the Revolution”
The
four are Lukacs, Gramsci, Adorno, and Marcuse.
Georg
Lukacs was a Hungarian writer and thinker whose History and Class Consciousness
“brought him recognition as a Marxist theorist to rival Marx himself.” He
launched a program of “cultural terrorism” which included a radical sex
education program in Hungarian schools, teaching children about “free love,
sexual intercourse, the archaic nature of middle-class family codes, the
outdatedness of monogamy, and the irrelevance of religion.” (Buchanan, p. 75)
Antonio
Gramsci was an Italian Communist who tussled with Benito Mussolini for
leadership of the Italian Communist party. Mussolini won, and imprisoned
Gramsci. Gramsci’s Prison Notebooks are “blueprints for a successful
Marxist revolution in the West,” says Buchanan. He argued that it was a mistake
to try to seize power first and then impose a cultural revolution from above.
Instead, Marxists should change the culture first, and then power would fall
into their laps. (Buchanan, p. 77)
Theodor
Adorno was an influential leader of the Frankfort School which was the home of
“Critical Theory.” He wrote The Authoritarian Personality, asserting
that fascism grows out of a patriarchal culture which flourishes in traditional
cultures, that the patriarchal family was the cradle of fascism. (Buchanan, p.
87)
Opposition
to this “Critical Theory” runs all through Buchanan’s book; to understand him,
you need some grasp it. He writes:
Among
the new weapons of cultural conflict the Frankfurt School developed was
Critical Theory. The name sounds benign enough, but it stands for a practice
that is anything but benign. One student of Critical Theory defined it as the
“essentially destructive criticism of all the main elements of Western culture,
including Christianity, capitalism, authority, the family, patriarchy,
hierarchy, morality, tradition, sexual restraint, loyalty, patriotism,
nationalism, heredity, ethnocentrism, convention and conservatism. (Buchanan,
p. 80)
Herbert
Marcuse offered a patch for the imperfect theories of pioneering Marxists. The
“proletariat” failed to carry a revolution forward, but the cultural revolution
could find other foot soldiers, such as (in Buchanan’s words) “radical youth,
feminists, black militants, homosexuals, the alienated, the asocial, Third
World revolutionaries, all the angry voices of the persecuted ‘victims of the
West. This was the new proletariat that would overthrow Western culture.”
(Buchanan, p. 85)
Buchanan
did not consider these four men to be indispensable in fomenting the cultural
revolution, but he did think that the four, taken together, offer a clear
picture of the “the strategy and the tactics of a successful Marxist revolution
in the West, and the culture they set out to destroy is no longer the dominant
culture in America or the West.” (Buchanan, p. 92)
Chapter
Five: “The Coming Great Migrations”
In
chapter one, Buchanan discussed the low birthrates in Europe and the developed
world. In this chapter, he explains how the emptying lands will be refilled.
Strangers – from Africa, Asia, and Latin America – will move in.
Russia’s
low birthrate means their empire may be obliterated first. European Russians
will be replaced, Buchanan predicts, by Chinese in the east and Muslims in the
south. But the whole of Europe will not be far behind. Europe cannot escape the
penalties of childlessness; they will not continue as a great race. In the 22nd
century, their civilization will disappear. (Buchanan, p. 109)
The
coming catastrophe will be speeded up by euthanasia. The people who assert the
“sanctity of life,” like the Catholic Church, do not have the strength to avert
the crash. Muslims will pour into Europe and America. Israel cannot stand
forever against the overwhelming strength that surrounds them; Israel will be
extinguished, and the self-deluded West will also disappear in the twilight.
(Buchanan, p. 120)
Chapter
Six: “La Reconquista”
This
chapter continues the story of non-Europeans immigrating into the United States
but focuses on Mexicans.
The
chapter begins with a brief history – Anglos taking Texas, then going to war
with Mexico and taking the rest of the Southwest and California, then ensuring
that the rulers of Mexico treated us with respect. Buchanan notes that “Mexico
has an historic grievance against the United States that is felt deeply by her
people.” (Buchanan, P. 124)
He
distinguishes between Mexican immigrants and previous immigrants, in five ways.
1.The numbers are far larger.
2.They not only from another culture
but also from another race.
3.Many of them broke the law to come
here.
4.They stay Mexican and do not
assimilate.
5.The nation they come into has
changed from within, embracing multiculturalism. They and others make cause the
USA to break apart into various ethnic enclaves, like the Balkan nations.
He
cites American heroes like Ben Franklin and Theodore Roosevelt to back his
ideas. He also adds geography to the history lesson: the Mississippi is a gift
except when it floods its banks. (133)
He
asserts that President Lyndon Johnson weakened the Republicans and strengthened
the Democrats is a major shift – not by the bipartisan Civil Rights Act but by
the Immigration Act of 1965. (Buchanan, p. 135)
He
offers data to assert that immigrants are uneducated and poor; they use social
services and lower everyone’s wages; and many are criminals. None of these
complaints apply to immigrants from Europe.
He
says that what happens at the border forces us to ask: What is a nation? John
Jay, in Federalist 2, wrote:
Providence
has been pleased to give this one connected country to one united people—a
people descended from the same ancestors, speaking the same language,
professing the same religion, attached to the same principles of
government, very similar in their manners and customs, and who, by
their joint counsels, arms, and efforts, fighting side by side
throughout a long and bloody war, have nobly established their general liberty
and independence. (quoted in Buchanan, p. 144)
This
list of sames and similars plus a shared history impresses
Buchanan. But, he points out, Americans today don’t measure up to Jay’s
standard – nor even any part of it. Now what?
Chapter
Seven: “The War Against the Past”
This
chapter is an eloquent recital of assaults on the history that Buchanan was
taught in school, at home, and in television shows and public celebrations of
his time. It’s an extraordinarily
evocative chapter.
The
opening several paragraphs:
How
does one sever a people’s roots? Answer: Destroy its memory. Deny a people the
knowledge of who they are and where they came from.
“If we forget what we did, we won’t know who we are,”
said Ronald Reagan in his farewell address to the American people. “I am
warning of the eradication of … the American memory, that could result,
ultimately, in an erosion of the American spirit.”
In the Middle Ages, Ottoman Turks imposed on Balkan
Christians a blood tax—one boy out of every five. Taken from their parents, the
boys were raised as strict Muslims to become the fanatic elite soldiers of the
sultan, the Janissaries, who were then sent back to occupy and oppress the
peoples who had borne them. For a modern state the formula for erasing memory
was given to us by Orwell in the party slogan of Big Brother, “Who controls the
past controls the future. Who controls the present controls the past.”
Destroy the record of a people’s past, leave it in
ignorance of who its ancestors were and what they did, and one can fill the
empty vessels of their souls with a new history, as in 1984. Dishonor or
disgrace a nation’s heroes, and you can demoralize its people. The cause of
Irish independence was crippled by the revelation that the great Charles
Stewart Parnell was living in adultery with the wife of Captain O’Shea.
Baseball almost did not survive the Black Sox scandal of 1919, when popular
hero “Shoeless Joe” Jackson was found to have taken money from gamblers and his
team had thrown the World Series. The loss of faith was caught in the kid’s
lament, “Say it ain’t so, Joe!”
Richard Nixon’s New Majority was shattered by
Watergate and the resignation of a president and vice president who had carried
forty-nine states. The success of Nixon’s enemies in ousting from office a
hated adversary became the archetype for the “politics of personal
destruction,” the defeat of causes by disgracing their flawed champions. It has
become standard operating procedure in American politics.
Cultural Marxists understood this. Their Critical
Theory was a prototype of the politics of personal destruction. What the latter
does to popular leaders, Critical Theory does to an entire nation through
repeated assaults on its past. It is the moral equivalent of vandalizing the
graves and desecrating the corpses of its ancestors. (Buchanan, pp. 147-148)
After
President Nixon was ousted, Marxists moved from the politics of personal destruction
to attacks on an entire nation, by repeated assaults on its past – a lesson
from Critical Theory. History texts were deconstructed, reconstructed. Familiar
stories of great heroes were scrapped; cynical stories denigrating any hint of
heroism took their place.
The
cultural shifts irk Buchanan, who wants to retain older American attitudes
regarding Native Americans and avoid harsh judgments of Confederate heroes. The
old attitudes instilled pride, and that was valuable. At the end of the 20th
century, there should have been celebrations of the great deeds of America in
the previous 100 years.
Chapter
Eight: De-Christianizing America
Buchanan’s
opening and closings are clear and to the point. So, chapter eight opens:
In
the Great War of 1914-18, Catholic France fought Catholic Austria, and
Protestant Germany fought Protestant England. Nine million Christian soldiers
marched to their deaths. Yet only Orthodox Russia succumbed to a Communist
revolution, and that was more coup d’état than mass conversion. Gramsci
concluded that two thousand years of Christianity had made the soul of Western
Man impenetrable to Marxism. Before the West could be conquered, its faith must
be uprooted. But how? (Buchanan, p. 179)
For
Buchanan, this question is not rhetorical. He sets out to answer it.
Gramsci’s
answer—a “long march” through the institutions. The Marxists must cooperate
with progressives to capture the institutions that shaped the souls of the
young: schools, colleges, movies, music, arts, and the new mass media that came
uncensored into every home, radio, and, after Gramsci’s death, television. Once
the cultural institutions were captured, a united Left could begin the
de-Christianization Christianization of the West. When, after several
generations, this was accomplished, the West would no longer be the West, but
another civilization altogether, and control of the state would inevitably
follow control of the culture. (Buchanan, pp. 179-180)
He
refers to the work of St. John Paul II:
In
1999, Pope John Paul II convoked a continental Episcopal Synod to take the
pulse of the faith in the Old Continent. The news was not good. Secularism,
reported the bishops, “poisons a large section of Christians in Europe. There
is a great risk of de-Christianization and paganization of the Continent.” [5]
Fewer than 10 percent of the young people in Belgium, Germany, and France
attend church regularly. There is not a major city in northwest Europe where
half the newborns are baptized. (Buchanan, p. 180) [The footnote, 5: Peter Ford, “Churches on
Wane in Europe,” Christian Science Monitor, October 25, 1999, p. 1.]
This
refers to the Pope’s fifth continental synod, of five, in preparation for the
Third Millennium. This current volume is a contrast of Buchanan’s book and the
Pope’s exhortation after the second such synod, regarding America.
Buchanan
presents an assortment of stories that show the difference between the way the
colonies understood Christianity in America on one hand and the way numerous
media describe Church and State today. His point is simple: there has been a
huge change. Most Americans in the past considered the nation to be Christian
nation with Christian roots and a Christian culture; today, they don’t.
He
looks at the clear trend in cases before the Supreme Court. The First Amendment
aims for a balance, prohibiting Congress from making any law “respecting an
establishment of religion,” but requiring Congress to respect the “free
exercise” of faith. The balance shifted in recent history, says Buchanan, from
permitting free exercise toward avoiding an establishment of religion; in fact,
he says, the Court “reinterpreted the words to justify a preemptive strike on
Christianity.”
Buchanan
asserts:
Religious
rivalry is a zero-sum game. Every gain for one faith is a loss for another. The
rise of Christianity was recognized as a mortal threat in Jerusalem by Saul of
Tarsus, who held the coats of the men who stoned St. Stephen the Martyr.
Islam’s conquest of Arabia and North Africa alarmed Christian Europe. The
Reformation and the rise of Protestantism were a crisis for Rome. Where
communism triumphed, Christians went to the wall. And when secularism was
awarded custody of America’s schools, it was a crushing defeat for
Christianity. (Buchanan, pp. 185-186)
“By
the twenty-first century,” Buchanan asserts, “the de-Christianization of our
public life was complete. Easter celebrations, Nativity scenes, Christmas
carols, and Christian books, stories, pageants, and holidays had all but
vanished from public schools and the public square.” (Buchanan, p. 188)
Buchanan
has an odd section in which he describes reactions to insults to Christians in
art work, such as a photograph of a crucifix in a bottle of urine, contrasted
with reactions to reactions to insults to Muslims. Christians were mild, and
Muslims were violent, he says. He thinks the Muslims got it right: “When
Christians were told to ‘turn the other cheek,’ it was for offenses against
them, not against God. Christ himself used a whip to drive the money changers
out of the temple.” (Buchanan, p. 194)
He
responds with exasperation to any suggestion that gay rights resemble civil
rights. “The only way the gay rights movement can succeed in making society
accept homosexuality as natural, normal, moral, and healthy is to first
de-Christianize that society. And, admittedly, they are making headway.”
(Buchanan, p. 197-198)
He
asserts that the nation has embarked on an experiment that will end in
disaster. “The de-Christianization of America is a great gamble, a roll of the
dice, with our civilization as the stakes. America has thrown overboard the
moral compass by which the republic steered for two hundred years, and now it
sails by dead reckoning. Reason alone, without Revelation, sets our course.”
(Buchanan, p. 198)
He
ends the chapter with an ominous quote from T. S. Eliot:
If
Christianity goes, the whole of our culture goes. Then you must start painfully
again, and you cannot put on a new culture ready-made. You must first wait for
the grass to grow to feed the sheep to give the wool out of which your new coat
will be made. You must pass through many centuries of barbarism. We should not
live to see the new culture, nor would our great-great-great-grandchildren; and
if we did not one of us would be happy in it.
Chapter
Nine: “The Intimidated Majority”
The
epigraph at the beginning of chapter nine is threatening and unbalanced remark
from Mary Berry, the Chairman of the U.S. Civil Rights Commission: “Civil
rights laws were not passed to protect the rights of white men and do not apply
to them.” He argues that the white majority has allowed itself to be bullied
into impotence, and blames the defeat on conservatives who gave up.
Why
did Christians permit their God and faith to be driven out of the temples of
their civilization? Why was their resistance so feeble? Napoleon said that God
is on the side of the big battalions. But in America the Christians were the
big battalions, and they were supposed to be on God’s side. Yet they were
beaten—horse, foot, and dragoons. … In his book long March, Roger Kimball, an
editor at New Criterion, attributes the rout on the cultural front to a failed
conservative movement. (Buchanan, p. 205)
And
why were conservatives indecisive? Several reasons:
First,
he says, Barry Goldwater and Ronald Reagan and their followers were drawn into
politics to fight the Cold War. They were not unprepared, unequipped, untrained
for a culture war.
Second,
the culture revolutionaries seized control of the media reaching the next
generation – MTV, prime-time TV, movies, magazines, schools and colleges – and
focused effectively on shaping the values, beliefs, and attitudes of the young.
On one side were attractive artists, actors, playwrights, songwriters, and
popular; on the other side were talking heads, op-ed page commentators, some
radio and TV talk show hosts. This was not a tense competition.
Third,
says Buchanan, normal politics seeks compromise and common ground. But a
culture war can’t compromise, and the revolutionaries trained in Critical
Theory understood that. Conservatives were not ready for savage rhetoric and
attack politics. (Buchanan, p. 212)
Fourth,
decades of pounding pulverized Christian morale. “Who wants to stand up for
family values when the price is public ridicule?” (Buchanan, p. 213)
Fifth,
“God-and-country people are raised to respect and obey their rulers,” and so
they were obedient when Supreme Court decisions went against them.
Sixth
and last, the culture clash is now in the hands of a new generation who do not
experience any tension, because they grew up in post-revolutionary culture.
In
politics, conservatives were beaten out by the revolutionaries in the
competition for the support of blacks.
The
degradation of civil rights and the merger of that movement with the cultural
revolution compounds the risks of the balkanization of America. For, where
FDR’s New Deal coalition was based on economics, the haves versus the
have-nots, the new Democratic coalition is based on bloc voting and ethnic
politics. (Buchanan, p. 220-221)
Will Western nations reverse the
decline? Probably not, Buchanan admits. “That may be too much to expect of an
intimidated people.”
Chapter Ten: “A House Divided”
The book ends about where it began:
““This used to be a helluva good country. I can’t understand what’s gone wrong
with it.” Buchanan lifts a quote from Jack Nicholson in Easy Rider,
1969. Civilizations come and go, and this one may do the same – even though the
West is the most advanced civilization in history and the United States is the
most advanced nation.
He says that the West and the
United States face four clear and present dangers:
·
a
dying population
·
mass
immigration of peoples of different colors, creeds, and cultures, changing the
character of the West forever
·
the
rise to dominance of an anti-Western culture in the West, deeply hostile to its
religions, traditions, and morality
·
the
breakup of nations and the defection of ruling elites to a world government
The Democrats are a total loss, and
the Republicans are reluctant warriors. The great battles will not be political
anyway. The struggle that will matter is moral, intellectual, and spiritual.
The adversary is not another party, but another faith, another way of seeing
God and man.
Of the four dangers, the population
crisis is the most immediate and the most dangerous. How can this danger be
overcome? Well, actually – there’s no way out. There are a few social policies
that may patch things a little temporarily – a return to the family wage, more
help for women raising children, etc. But economic tinkering is no substitute
for a revival of religious faith.
There are some social policies that
might slow the invasion from outside, and buy some time for more assimilation:
·
limit
immigration to a quarter of a million annually
·
suspend
the program (H-1B) designed to bring in more skilled workers
·
refuse
to permit another amnesty program
·
deport
illegal aliens
·
seek
out and expel terrorists
·
English
only in the classroom
·
Do
not offer statehood to Puerto Rico
·
Increase
the Border Patrol
·
Penalize
businesses that hire illegal aliens
·
Do
not expand NAFTA
Protect the sovereignty of the
United States! The creation of a world government is a Christian heresy, Buchanan declares. “Our loyalty to our own families,
countries, church, and culture comes first. So the lines are drawn in the
battle of the century. Patriotism or globalism.” (Buchanan, p. 239)
And how can Americans protect their
sovereignty, defying extinction?
·
Oppose
new funding to the IMF and World Bank
·
Reject
the International Criminal Court
·
Abolish
the World Trade Organization
·
Oppose
any expansion of NATO
·
Withdraw
all American ground forces from Europe and Asia
And how can America recover from
the culture war? Buchanan does not offer a clear way to prevail in the culture
war; that may be over – lost. But the new culture may be frail, like the
governments of France after the heady days of revolution. So maybe families and
small groups can retain virtue and wait it out.
Is there are hope of advancing a
political agenda that may support a new culture one day? Perhaps it makes sense
to resist without a clear goal in sight:
·
Resist
the Imperial Judiciary
·
Scrap
the tired old leadership
·
Confront
and defy political correctness
·
Counter
“hate crime” propaganda with truth
·
Pass
pro-life laws
·
Launch
referenda and initiatives, the citizens’ routes to legislation
·
Defund
the cultural revolution with boycotts
·
Devolve
– break up centralized power, weaken national governments
·
Launch
new efforts to censor filth
·
Keep
teaching history
But in the end, maybe this is the
end. Maybe Western civilization is dying.
Buchanan asks: If Christianity gave
birth to the West and undergirds its moral and political order, can the West
survive the death of Christianity? If that faith is dying, what holds the West
together? Racial solidarity cannot; it’s a memory. The “mystic chords of
memory” can’t; American don’t share memories anymore. Democracy is good, but
it’s too weak to unite.
He concludes: “Absent a revival of
faith or a great awakening, Western men and women may simply live out their
lives until they are so few they do not matter.” (Buchanan, p. 266)
+++++++
The
Contrasts between the Pope and the Pol
Sorting
out four categories: similarity, difference, agreement, disagreement
Pope John
Paul II and Pat Buchanan both wrote about the future of America. This is a
similarity.
Pope John
Paul II wrote about “America” referring to North and South America as a unit.
Pat Buchanan wrote about “America” referring to the United States. They use the
word “West” in wildly divergent ways. These are differences,
Pope John
Paul II and Pat Buchanan both considered abortion to be a serious evil in
America. This is an agreement.
Pope John
Paul II defended the right to immigrate. Pat Buchanan considered migration to
be a catastrophic problem, often illegal. This is a disagreement.
There are
some similarities that aren’t agreements, and there are some differences that
aren’t disagreements. There are four categories to sort out. Similarities and
differences (define “America” and “West”) may be interesting but aren’t
particularly important; it’s the amount of agreement or disagreement that
matters. Of course, differences in approach may lead to disagreements.
When I set
out to contrast the two books, I did so because of the disagreements, the areas
where the Pope and the Pol hold opposite views, or nearly opposite view. They
agree, more or less, about abortion and family life. They disagree about nearly
every other significant social issue. Put another way: Buchanan is unaware of,
or opposed to, or at best neutral concerning the significant Magisterial
teaching on a long list of topics. He went to a Catholic elementary school
(Blessed Sacrament), a Catholic high school (Gonzaga), and a Catholic
university (St. Louis) – but his thinking is untainted by the Catholic social
doctrine from Pope Leo through the Second Vatican Council to the present.
+++++++
The
sketches of the JPII’s Ecclesia in America and Buchanan’s The Death of the West
are above. What follows is an effort to see the similarities and differences,
the agreements and disagreements, in an organized and coherent way. This will
go straight through the Pope’s exhortation, noting differences from Buchanan’s
book along the way. This will not cover every section in the exhortation, but
rather only those that raise clear questions about contrasts.
Ecclesia
in America has an introduction, six chapters, and a closing. There are
significant contrasts throughout, but they are most obvious in the introduction
and in chapter five, on solidarity.
Contrasting
the introductions
Pope John
Paul II, starting his reflections on America, recalls that we recently
celebrated 500 years of the Church in America. He sees people rejoicing and
praising and celebrating.
INTRODUCTION
Rejoicing in the faith received and praising
Christ for this immense gift, the Church in America has recently celebrated
the fifth centenary of the first preaching of the Gospel on its soil. The
commemoration made all American Catholics more deeply aware of Christ's desire
to meet the inhabitants of the so-called New World so that, gathering them into
his Church, he might be present in the continent's history. The evangelization
of America is not only a gift from the Lord; it is also a source of new
responsibilities. Thanks to the work of those who preached the Gospel through
the length and breadth of the continent, countless sons and daughters have been
generated by the Church and the Holy Spirit. Now, no less than in the past, the
words of the Apostle echo in their hearts: “If I preach the Gospel, I have no
reason to boast. It is my duty: woe to me if I do not preach the Gospel!” This
duty is founded on the Risen Lord's command to the Apostles before he ascended
into heaven: “Preach the Gospel to all creation.” (JPII, #1)
Pat
Buchanan sees something else. His time frame is similar, but his emotions are
quite different – losing, lament, sadness, and melancholy.
Introduction
“Pat, we’re
losing the country we grew up in.” Again and again in the endless campaign of
2000 I heard that lament from men and women across America. But what did they
mean by it? Why should sadness or melancholy—as though one’s father were dying
and there were nothing to be done—have crept into the hearts of Americans on
the cusp of the “Second American Century”? (Buchanan, p. 1)
What
is the “West”?
Pope John
Paul II thought about and prayed about the original East-West schism every day
of his life, it seems. The original East-West split was a tussle about the
Roman Empire. The Roman republic became an empire at the time of Julius Caesar,
it and grew for some centuries under subsequent emperors – ruled from Rome. But
as the empire crumbled, the government split; there were rulers in Rome, and
rulers in Constantinople. Eventually, centralized power in Rome crumbled away
under repeated onslaughts by Germanic tribes until it was almost meaningless,
while Constantinople maintained some centralized power. There was a similar
split in the Church: the popes in Rome and the patriarchs in Constantinople
drifted apart in their thinking. Who had the authority to teach definitively
about matters of faith? In 1054, they “excommunicated” each other. This split
between Orthodoxy in the East and Catholicism in the West troubled the Pope to
the core. His fourth encyclical was about the “apostles to the Slavs” – which
includes Poles. When the brothers Cyril and Methodius brought the Gospel to the
Slavic people, in the last century of the first millennium, they set out from
Constantinople and returned to Rome. They were key figures in the Pope’s life, and
they lived with differences but no contradictions between the East and West.
Jesus prayed for the unity of her followers, and this unity is supposed to be a
mark of the Church’s authenticity – but it was broken for a full millennium.
John Paul II longed for a return to unity, and end to this East-West split, the
schism between Catholics and Orthodox; he refers to this in every one of the
continental exhortations.
Buchanan’s
introduction doesn’t quite clarify what the “West” is. He says it’s dying,
whatever it is. But what is it? It’s America and Europe. It’s Christian – nor
completely, but predominantly – at least in its roots. It’s a civilization, a
culture. And it’s an ethnic bloc – European and therefore white – although
Buchanan doesn’t quite say that. It’s First World territory, but may slip to
Third World.
Consider
this paragraph:
“Russia,
with a shrinking population of only 114 million, will have largely disappeared
from Asia. Almost all Russians will be west of the Urals, back in Europe. Western
Man, who dominated Africa and Asia in the first half of the twentieth
century, will have disappeared from Africa and Asia by the middle of the
twenty-first except perhaps for tiny enclaves in South Africa and Israel. In
Australia, a nation of only 19 million, where the white birthrate is now
below replacement levels, the European population will have begun to
disappear.” (Buchanan, p. 22)
If I
understand this paragraph, “Western Man” = white = European.
By
contrast, JPII says the following about “The Eastern Catholic presence.”
Immigration
is an almost constant feature of America's history from the beginning of
evangelization to our own day. As part of this complex phenomenon, we see that
in recent times different parts of America have welcomed many members of the
Eastern Catholic Churches who, for various reasons, have left their native
lands. A first wave of immigration came especially from Western Ukraine; and
then it involved the nations of the Middle East. (JPII, #17)
Ecclesia
in America, #1
“Rejoicing
in the faith received and praising Christ for this immense gift, the Church in
America has recently celebrated the fifth centenary of the first preaching of
the Gospel on its soil.” JPII, #1
The
opening sentence is different from Buchanan in three ways.
Pondering
America, the Pope rejoices; pondering America, Buchanan prepares for death (see
his title)..
The Pope
sees gifts; Buchanan sees things we might lose (see his title).
The Pope
celebrates a 5th centenary; Buchanan is puzzled by melancholy “on
the cusp of the Second American Century.” (p. 10)
Pope: “the
so-called New World” – this phrase explains promptly why the Pope thinks of
North and South America as a unit. They
were new to the Church in 1492, and evangelizing the “New World” began that
year. Buchanan, by contrast, sees the North and the South as separate, and
wants to push them farther apart.
America is
God’s Crucible, the great Melting-Pot where all the races of Europe are melting
and reforming,” wrote Israel Zangwill, the Russian-Jewish playwright, in his
famous 1908 play The Melting Pot. But the immigration tsunami rolling
over America is not coming from “all the races of Europe.” The largest population transfer in history is coming from
all the races of Asia, Africa, and Latin America, and they are not “melting and
reforming.” (Buchanan, p. 3)
The Pope
says, “The evangelization of America is not only a gift from the Lord; it is
also a source of new responsibilities.”
Buchanan
says that the globalist agenda that is a threat to the survival of America
includes support for foreign aid. (p. 54)
Ecclesia
in America, #2
The Pope
says that he first proposed the idea for the synod of the American bishops when
he was visiting Santo Domingo on October 12, 1992 – 500 year to the day after
Columbus landed there.
I proposed
a synodal meeting, with a view to increased cooperation between the different
particular Churches, so that together we might address, as part of the new
evangelization and as an expression of episcopal communion, the problems
relating to justice and solidarity among all the nations of America.
The
purpose of the synod was to cooperate in addressing “justice and solidarity”
issues.
The word
“solidarity” has a history, linked to the labor movement, that goes back
decades and decades in the United States, but it’s also an evocative word in
global history because of the Poles. The defeat of the Soviet Empire was
initiated by Solidarnosc, led by Lech Walesa and supported by the new Polish
Pope. So we can ask: is “solidarity” in Buchanan’s lexicon, baptized by the
Pope; or is it, in his mind, a term and idea used by the left? And in fact, the
word shows up four times in Buchanan’s book. He uses it, but it’s a pleasant
word, not a word of power.
The first
is a reference to a Communist “delusion”:
Their land,
faith, families, icons, and Mother Russia all meant far more to the Russian
people than any international workers’ solidarity. The Soviets were deluding
themselves, Gramsci concluded. (p. 76)
The second
is a nostalgic reference to the unity in America during World War II, when
Buchanan was a young child (born in 1938):
There was a
spirit of solidarity and unity then unlike any we have known since. We were
truly one nation indivisible and one people. (p. 149)
The third and
fourth are about various suggestions, which he rejects as hopeless, for what
might still unite the West:
What are
the ties that bind? Some say racial solidarity. But the past five hundred years
have been an endless chronicle of European peoples slaughtering one another … (p.
265)
A common
belief in democracy is too weak a reed to support the solidarity of the West.
(p. 266)
Ecclesia
in America, #3.
The Pope
explains the theme for the synod and exhortation: encountering Jesus, the way
of conversion, communion, and solidarity. Do these words and concepts – Jesus,
encounter, conversion, communion, solidarity – show up Buchanan’s thought?
Catholic culture
is everywhere in the book, but is Jesus? There are 13 references to the “Jesus.”
Most are references to art in the culture wars, or quotations; but there is one
thoughtful remark about a parable. Buchanan draws on the teaching of Jesus to
understand how a society or people can be replaced (p. 97). How about “Christ”?
There are 16 uses of the word, most in references to works of art or other
details of the culture wars, or in quotations. But there are two places where
Buchanan’s thought draws on the Lord. One is about schools: “In the New
Testament, Christ holds out a hellish punishment for any who would destroy the
belief of ‘these little ones.’” (p. 152) The other is about how to respond to
insults to the Lord: “When Christians were told to ‘turn the other cheek,’ it
was for offenses against them, not against God. Christ himself used a whip to
drive the money changers out of the temple.” (p. 194)
It is
perhaps unfair to look for the language of a mission that is specifically the
work of the Church – encounter, conversion – in a book about politics and
society. What about “communion” or the idea of community? Buchanan’s view of
the Pope’s vision is clear: throughout his book, Buchanan makes the case for
division.
The Pope’s
hopes for America are based on these five:
·
first,
of course, the living person Jesus Christ
·
encounter
with the Lord
·
conversion
·
communion
·
solidarity
Buchanan
is deeply committed to a Catholic culture, but it is wrong to dismiss his view
as solely cultural. He does draw on the Lord’s teaching in his own thinking.
It’s not fair to look for religious terms – encounter, conversion – in
political writing. “Solidarity” is part of his thinking, but he sees it as a
delusion, or – at best – as something good but weak. He is opposed to the
Pope’s ideas about communion or unity.
Communion
or community versus division
Buchanan
doesn’t write much about Latin America or South America; he talks instead about
“Mexico.” And his attitude toward Mexico is unremittingly contemptuous or
hostile. He approves of America’s wars of conquest (p. 60) and says wistfully that
we used to think clearly the struggle: “After the Alamo the Mexicans had it
coming.” (p. 150)
He sees
the growth of South America as a grim threat, not a blessing.
The
prognosis is grim. Between 2000 and 2050, world population will grow by more
than three billion to over nine billion people, but this 50 percent increase in
global population will come entirely in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, as one
hundred million people of European stock vanish from the earth. (p. 12)
He uses
“Mexico” as a unit of measure for the global population explosion that
threatens to swamp the West. More Mexicos: this is apocalyptic doom.
But as
Europe is dying, the Third World adds one hundred million people—one new
Mexico—every fifteen months. Forty new Mexicos in the Third World by 2050,
while Europe will have lost the equivalent of the entire population of Belgium,
Holland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway—and Germany! Absent divine intervention, or a
sudden desire on the part of Western women to begin having the same-size families
as their grandmothers, the future belongs to the Third World. As T. S. Eliot
wrote in “The Hollow Men”: “This is the way the world ends / Not with a bang
but a whimper.” (p. 13-14)
He opposes
NAFTA, saying:
The history
and culture of Mexico and of our Southwest are inseparable, but we remain
separate and distinct nations—neighbors, not brothers. And as that most
American of poets, Robert Frost, wrote, “Good fences make good neighbors.” (p.
236)
Emphatically,
Buchanan is not looking for the communion or community or unity between North
and South America that the Pope speaks about. He is firmly in favor of
division.
Ecclesia
in America, #5
The Pope
emphasized this, so it is repeated here:
Contributing
to the unity of the continent
6.
In
Santo Domingo, when I first proposed a Special Assembly of the Synod, I
remarked that “on the threshold of the third Christian millennium and at
a time when many walls and ideological barriers have fallen, the Church
feels absolutely duty-bound to bring into still deeper spiritual union
the peoples who compose this great continent and also, prompted by the
religious mission which is proper to the Church, to stir among these
peoples a spirit of solidarity”. I asked that the Special Assembly of the Synod
of Bishops reflect on America as a single entity, by reason of all that is
common to the peoples of the continent, including their shared Christian
identity and their genuine attempt to strengthen the bonds of solidarity and
communion between the different forms of the continent's rich cultural
heritage. The decision to speak of “America” in the singular was an attempt
to express not only the unity which in some way already exists, but also to
point to that closer bond which the peoples of the continent seek and which the
Church wishes to foster as part of her own mission, as she works to promote
the communion of all in the Lord. [Emphasis added.]
Note
especially:
·
The
Church feels absolutely duty-bound to stir among these peoples a spirit of
solidarity.
·
The
drive for unity is a mission that is proper to the Church.
·
The
decision to speak of “America” in the singular was an attempt to point to a
bond which the Church wishes to foster.
It is
difficult to find any support in Buchanan’s book for this unity. It is fair to
object that the Pope’s letter is about evangelization, and that was not what
Buchanan was focusing on. However, the Pope who fought Nazis and then
Communists has always connected the work of the Church and the development of
the surrounding civilization and culture. When he speaks of solidarity, he
means solidarity among the bishops and faithful Catholics north and south:
true. It is also true that he presses for the unity of the two continents – for
all people, on all levels of human experience.
Chapter
One, “The Encounter with the Living Christ,” includes sections 8-12.
The Pope
asserts that Jesus Christ, this person, offers the definitive answer to the
questions that trouble the people on the continent – not just offers the
answer, but is the answer. Obviously, that’s a “religious” assertion.
But note: the questions that the Pope addresses are not limited in any
way, and are – in particular – questions about building a civilization.
God’s grace
also enables Christians to work for the transformation of the world, in order
to bring about a new civilization, which my Predecessor Paul VI appropriately
called “the civilization of love”. … Jesus Christ is thus the definitive answer
to the question of the meaning of life, and to those fundamental questions
which still trouble so many men and women on the American continent. (JPII,
#10)
JPII
asserts that America is still a melting-pot of peoples. He asserts further that
this melting-pot is, in the American experience, connected to “the mestiza face
of the Virgin of Tepeyac” – a brown face from Mexico. He asserts further that
the Virgin of Guadalupe is venerated as the Queen of all America” – America,
singular.
The
appearance of Mary to the native Juan Diego on the hill of Tepeyac in 1531 had
a decisive effect on evangelization. Its influence greatly overflows the
boundaries of Mexico, spreading to the whole Continent. America, which
historically has been, and still is, a melting-pot of peoples, has recognized
in the mestiza face of the Virgin of Tepeyac, “in Blessed Mary
of Guadalupe, an impressive example of a perfectly inculturated evangelization.”
Consequently, not only in Central and South America, but in North America as
well, the Virgin of Guadalupe is venerated as Queen of all America. (JPII #11)
Recall
that Buchanan states the opposite:
The largest
population transfer in history is coming from all the races of Asia, Africa,
and Latin America, and they are not “melting and reforming.” (Buchanan, p. 3)
Also, Buchanan
urges intolerance, explicitly, as the price of a success “rising religion.”
Militancy,
martyrdom, and, yes, intolerance are the marks of rising religions and
conquering causes. Early Christians who had accepted death rather than burn
incense to Roman gods were soon smashing those Roman gods—no equality for them.
Baptizing Clovis, the bishop of Reims admonished the king of the Franks, “Bend
your neck. Burn what you worship, worship what you burn!” Not very ecumenical,
Your Grace. Protestant monarchs and Catholic kings alike did not flinch at
burning heretics or drawing and quartering them at the Tyburn tree. The
Christianity that conquered the world was not a milquetoast faith, and the
custodians of that faith did not believe all religions were equal. One was
true; all the rest were false. (Buchanan,
pp. 120-121)
The
poor and the powerful
When the
Pope speaks about the encounter with Jesus, he says it occurs in three places:
in Scripture read in the light of Tradition, and in the sacred Liturgy, and in
the people with whom Christ identifies himself.
The Gospel
text concerning the final judgment (cf. Mt 25:31-46), which
states that we will be judged on our love towards the needy in whom the Lord
Jesus is mysteriously present, indicates that we must not neglect a third place
of encounter with Christ: “the persons, especially the poor, with whom Christ
identifies himself.” At the closing of the Second Vatican Council, Pope Paul VI
recalled that “on the face of every human being, especially when marked by
tears and sufferings, we can and must see the face of Christ (cf. Mt 25:40),
the Son of Man.” (JPII, #12)
Buchanan
does look beyond Europe and the United States and see people whom he recognizes
as worthy companions, as people who are not identical to Westerners but are for
some reason very similar. When he lists the dying nations of the developed
world, he includes Japan.
Buchanan’s
view of Japan matters. Japan isn’t European. It isn’t Christian. It doesn’t
teach Greek and Roman classics and other parts of Western culture to high
school students. But it’s a significant player in Buchanan’s understanding of
the “West” – because it is undeniably a successful and influential developed
nation, part of the “First World” not the Third World. It is committed to some
of the ideals that Buchanan prizes: freedom, free market, free enterprise.
But with
American assistance and by copying American methods and ideas, postwar Japan
became the most dynamic nation on earth. By 1990, her economy was the second
largest, half the size of the United States economy, though Japan occupied an
area smaller than Montana—an extraordinary achievement of an extraordinary
people. (Buchanan, p. 20)
The Pope
invites those who seek the Lord to encounter him in Scripture and in the
Liturgy – and in the poor. This is different from Buchanan’s understanding of
the world. He is interested in the rich and powerful.
Chapter
II, “Encountering Jesus Christ in America Today,” includes sections 13 to 25.
On ecumenism
JPII
asserts:
The
presence of other Christian communities, to a greater or lesser degree in the different
parts of America, means that the ecumenical commitment to seek unity among all
those who believe in Christ is especially urgent. (JPII, #14)
Regarding unity
with Orthodox communities, the Pope is hopeful, determined, active – aiming for
unity, intending to heal the ancient East-West split.
The Eastern
Catholic presence
17.
Immigration is an almost constant feature of America's history from the
beginning of evangelization to our own day. As part of this complex phenomenon,
we see that in recent times different parts of America have welcomed many
members of the Eastern Catholic Churches who, for various reasons, have left
their native lands. A first wave of immigration came especially from Western
Ukraine; and then it involved the nations of the Middle East. … The universal
Church needs a synergy between the particular Churches of East
and West so that she may breathe with her two lungs, in the hope of one day
doing so in perfect communion between the Catholic Church and the separated
Eastern Churches. Therefore, we cannot but rejoice that the Eastern Churches
have in recent times taken root in America alongside the Latin Churches present
there from the beginning, thus making the catholicity of the Lord's Church
appear more clearly. (JPII, #17)
Buchanan’s
thought is very different:
Religious
rivalry is a zero-sum game. Every gain for one faith is a loss for another. …
The Reformation and the rise of Protestantism were a crisis for Rome.
(Buchanan, pp. 185)
Regarding Globalization
JPII is
clear and eloquent about the problems with globalism:
If
globalization is ruled merely by the laws of the market applied to suit the
powerful, the consequences cannot but be negative. These are, for example, the
absolutizing of the economy, unemployment, the reduction and deterioration of
public services, the destruction of the environment and natural resources, the
growing distance between rich and poor, unfair competition which puts the poor
nations in a situation of ever increasing inferiority. …
And what
should we say about the cultural globalization produced by the power of the
media? Everywhere the media impose new scales of values which are often
arbitrary and basically materialistic, in the face of which it is difficult to
maintain a lively commitment to the values of the Gospel. (JPII, 20)
But
he also asserts:
The ethical
implications can be positive or negative. There is an economic globalization
which brings some positive consequences, such as efficiency and increased
production and which, with the development of economic links between the
different countries, can help to bring greater unity among peoples and make
possible a better service to the human family. (JPII, 20)
Buchanan,
by contrast, has nothing good to say about globalism, ever. His view is uniformly
negative. For example:
But the new
culture rejects the God of the Old Testament and burns its incense at the
altars of the global economy. (p. 6)
Conversion
and politics
One of the
striking aspects of the Pope’s call to conversion is his attitude towards “the
social dimension of conversion.” In his view, conversion is not just a matter
between an individual and God; it includes the way a convert treats neighbors.
But even putting it that way is too limited: conversion should affect the way a
Christian operates not only in personal relationships but also within society.
The Pope says:
27. Yet
conversion is incomplete if we are not aware of the demands of the Christian
life and if we do not strive to meet them. … Fraternal charity means attending
to all the needs of our neighbor. “If any one has the world's goods and sees
his brother in need, yet closes his heart against him, how does God's love
abide in him?” (1 Jn 3:17). Hence, for the Christian people of America
conversion to the Gospel means to revise “all the different areas and aspects
of life, especially those related to the social order and the pursuit of the
common good”. It will be especially necessary “to nurture the growing awareness
in society of the dignity of every person and, therefore, to promote in the
community a sense of the duty to participate in political life in harmony with
the Gospel.” Involvement in the political field is clearly part of the
vocation and activity of the lay faithful. [Emphasis added.] (JPII, #27)
Buchanan’s
view is different. Here’s his description of what happened after the United
States annexed Texas.
Eight years
later, in his final hours in office, Pres. John Tyler decided to write his own
page in history by annexing the Texas republic, denying the honor to Jackson’s
protégé, James K. Polk, who had won the White House on a pledge to bring Texas into
the Union. An enraged Mexico now disputed the U.S. claim to all land north of
the Rio Grande. To back up that claim, Polk sent Gen. Zachary Taylor to the
north bank of the river. When Mexican soldiers crossed and fired on a U.S.
patrol, spilling American blood on what Polk claimed was American soil, he
demanded and got a swift congressional declaration of war. By 1848, soldiers
with names like Grant, Lee, and McClellan were in Montezuma’s city. A
humiliated Mexico was forced to cede all of Texas, the Southwest, and
California. To ease the anguish of amputation, the U.S. gave Mexico fifteen
million dollars. Mexicans seethed with hatred and resentment. (Buchanan, p.
124)
Ulysses S.
Grant was indeed in Mexico, but he did not think the American presence there
was justifiable, or even morally neutral. He thought it was evil enough that
the Civil War was a punishment for it.
To us it
was an empire and of incalculable value; but it might have been obtained by
other means. The Southern rebellion was largely the outgrowth of the Mexican
war. Nations, like individuals, are punished for their transgressions. We got
our punishment in the most sanguinary and expensive war of modern times. (Personal
Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant (p. 28).
Guilt and Repentance
As fair-minded
and mostly Christian folks, they concede that there is truth in the indictment
of America’s past. Our fathers did participate in slavery. We did practice
segregation. Our treatment of the Indians was not what one should have expected
of people to whom the Sermon on the Mount was divine command. But, having
internalized a guilt that gnaws at their souls, these Republicans, in their
lifelong quest for absolution, are easy prey for confidence men like Jackson
and Sharpton who run the Big Sting.
The truth?
In the story of slavery and the slave trade, Western Man was among the many
villains, but Western Man was also the only hero. For the West did not invent
slavery, but it alone abolished slavery. Had it not been for the West, African
rulers would still be trafficking in the flesh of their kinsmen. Slaves, after
all, were the leading cash crop of the friends of Mansa Musa. In Mauritania and
Sudan today, slavery has returned, to the deafening silence of intellectuals
who have built careers on the moral shakedown of America and the West. America
was a segregated society, but in no other nation do people enjoy greater
freedom, opportunity, and prosperity than here in the United States. (Buchanan,
p. 220)
Buchanan
is perhaps a little too gentle about the evils of slavery. But also: don’t miss the bait and switch! He
asks: What about the way we treated
Native American tribes? Then he answers: Well, we ended slavery of Africans.
The Pope’s approach is different.
The
social dimension of conversion
27. Yet conversion
is incomplete if we are not aware of the demands of the Christian life and if
we do not strive to meet them. In this regard, the Synod Fathers noted that
unfortunately “at both the personal and communal level there are great
shortcomings in relation to a more profound conversion and with regard to
relationships between sectors, institutions and groups within the Church.” (70)
“He who does not love his brother whom he has seen, cannot love God whom he has
not seen” (1 Jn 4:20).
Fraternal charity
means attending to all the needs of our neighbor. “If anyone has the world's
goods and sees his brother in need, yet closes his heart against him, how does
God's love abide in him?” (1 Jn 3:17). Hence, for the Christian people of
America conversion to the Gospel means to revise “all the different areas and
aspects of life, especially those related to the social order and the pursuit
of the common good.” It will be especially necessary “to nurture the growing
awareness in society of the dignity of every person and, therefore, to promote
in the community a sense of the duty to participate in political life in
harmony with the Gospel.” Involvement in the political field is clearly part of
the vocation and activity of the lay faithful. (JPII, #27)
The unity
of the continent
The
closing paragraph in Ecclesia in America, chapter III, about conversion,
asserts once again the Pope’s view that America – America singular, the
continent – should be unified.
The
Catholic Church, which embraces men and women “of every nation, race, people
and tongue” (Rev 7:9) is called to be, “in a world marked by
ideological, ethnic, economic and cultural divisions”, the “living sign of the
unity of the human family.” In the multiplicity of nations and the variety of
ethnic groups, as in the features common to the entire continent, America
presents many differences which cannot be ignored and which the Church has the
duty to address. Thanks to effective efforts to integrate the members of the
People of God within each country and to unite the members of the particular
Churches of the various countries, today's differences can be a source of
mutual enrichment. As the Synod Fathers rightly affirmed, “it is most important
that the Church throughout America be a living sign of reconciled communion, an
enduring appeal to solidarity and a witness ever present in our various
political, economic and social systems.” This is a significant contribution
which believers can make to the unity of the American continent. (JPII,
#32) [Emphasis added]
Chapter
IV: The Path to Communion
This
chapter includes section #33 to #51. There are just three sections that are
noteworthy in contrasting the Pope and Buchanan.
Regarding
cooperation with Mexico
In
discussing ways that the bishops’ conferences could cooperate fruitfully, the
Pope said:
Areas in
which it seems especially necessary “to strengthen cooperation are the sharing
of information on pastoral matters, missionary collaboration, education, immigration
and ecumenism.” (JPII, #37)
I note
this because it led to an interesting document, “Strangers No Longer,” from the
US and Mexican bishops writing together, about immigration, published exactly
four years after Ecclesia in America. The Pope’s exhortation was given
in Mexico City on January 22, 1999; the bishops’ pastoral letter was published
in Mexico City on January 22, 2003.
At this
same time, Buchanan wrote this, echoing the language of pro-choice advocates:
The U.S. Border Patrol should get the manpower
it needs to police our borders, and Americans alone should decide whether and
when our national family should be enlarged. (Buchanan, p. 236)
Regarding
family life, the Pope said:
Many insidious forces are endangering the
solidity of the institution of the family in most countries of America, and
these represent so many challenges for Christians. Among them we should mention
the increase in divorce, the spread of abortion, infanticide and the
contraceptive mentality. Faced with this situation, we need to reaffirm “that
the foundation of human life is the conjugal relationship between husband and
wife, a relationship which, between Christians, is sacramental”. (JPII, #46)
This is a
point of agreement. Buchanan said many things like this.
Regarding
other religions
Regarding
other religions, the Pope said:
51. As for
non-Christian religions, the Catholic Church rejects nothing in them which is
true and holy. (192) Hence, with regard to other religions Catholics intend to
emphasize elements of truth wherever they are to be found, while at the same
time firmly bearing witness to the newness of the revelation of Christ,
preserved in its fullness by the Church. (193) Consistent with this attitude,
they reject as alien to the spirit of Christ any discrimination or persecution
directed against persons on the basis of race, color, condition of life or
religion. Difference of religion must never be a cause of violence or war.
Instead persons of different beliefs must feel themselves drawn, precisely
because of these beliefs, to work together for peace and justice.
“Muslims,
like Christians and Jews, call Abraham their father. Consequently throughout
America these three communities should live in harmony and work together for
the common good. The Church in America must also work for greater mutual
respect and good relations with the native American religions”. (194) A similar
attitude should be fostered with regard to the followers of Hinduism, Buddhism
and other religions who have come to America as a result of recent waves of
immigration from the East. (JPII, #51)
Buchanan,
by contrast, refers to a novel that many people consider to be among the most
objectionable bit of racism ever published as prophetic. He asks whether Islam
will prove to be “indigestible” in “what was once Christendom.”
The Camp
of the Saints,
Jean Raspail’s 1972 novel about an invasion of France by an armada of destitute
Third World people, whom Europe, paralyzed by its egalitarianism and
liberalism, is powerless to resist, appears to have been prophetic. History has
begun to imitate art.
Europe appears
unable to stop these millions from coming and taking the jobs opening up as the
war generation passes away. Indeed, employers will demand they be brought in.
So will the growing millions of seniors and elderly. And as the millions pour
into Europe from North Africa and the Middle East, they will bring their Arab
and Islamic culture, traditions, loyalties, and faith, and create replicas of
their homelands in the heartland of the West. Will they assimilate, or will
they endure as indigestible parts of Africa and Arabia in the base camp of what
was once Christendom? (Buchanan, p. 99-100)
+++ Two notes on ecumenism, from Tertio
Millennio Adveniente +++
Meeting
the challenge of secularism
With
regard to the former [meeting the challenge of secularism], it will be fitting
to broach the vast subject of the crisis of civilization, which has become
apparent especially in the West, which is highly developed from the standpoint
of technology but is interiorly impoverished by its tendency to forget God or
to keep him at a distance. This crisis of civilization must be countered by the
civilization of love, founded on the universal values of peace, solidarity,
justice and liberty, which find their full attainment in Christ. (Pope John
Paul II, Tertio Millennio Adveniente, #52)
Meeting
the challenge of dialogue with the great religions
53. On the
other hand, as far as the field of religious awareness is concerned, the eve of
the Year 2000 will provide a great opportunity, especially in view of the
events of recent decades, for interreligious dialogue, in accordance with the
specific guidelines set down by the Second Vatican Council in its Declaration
Nostra Aetate on the relationship of the Church to non-Christian religions.
In this
dialogue the Jews and the Muslims ought to have a pre-eminent place. God grant
that as a confirmation of these intentions it may also be possible to hold
joint meetings in places of significance for the great monotheistic religions.
(Pope John Paul II, Tertio Millennio Adveniente, #52)
Chapter
V: “The Path to Solidarity”
The
chapters includes 14 sections, from #52 to #65. There are many significant
points of contrast, in almost every section.
The sections
in Chapter V are:
52.
Solidarity,
the fruit of communion
53.
The
Church's teaching, a statement of the demands of conversion
54.
The
Church's social doctrine
55.
The
globalization of solidarity
56. Social sins which cry to heaven
57. The ultimate foundation of human
rights
58.
Preferential
love for the poor and the outcast
59. Foreign debt
60.
The
fight against corruption
61.
The
drug problem
62.
The
arms race
63.
The
culture of death and a society dominated by the powerful
64.
Discrimination
against indigenous peoples and Americans of African descent
65.
The
question of immigrants
#52:
Solidarity, the fruit of communion
The
chapter begins with an eloquent explanation of the link between communion and
solidarity: solidarity is the fruit of communion. This is explained by
referring to Matthew 25, the passage about the Last Judgment, listing specific
works of mercy. (Matthew 25:31-46 is the passage that St. Augustine used most
in his work explaining Christianity.)
52. “Truly,
I say to you, as you did it to one of the least of these my brethren, you did
it to me” (Mt 25:40; cf. 25:45). The awareness of communion with
Christ and with our brothers and sisters, for its part the fruit of conversion,
leads to the service of our neighbors in all their needs, material and
spiritual, since the face of Christ shines forth in every human being. …
For the
particular Churches of the American continent, this is the source of a
commitment to reciprocal solidarity and the sharing of the spiritual gifts and
material goods with which God has blessed them, fostering in individuals a
readiness to work where they are needed. Taking the Gospel as its
starting-point, a culture of solidarity needs to be promoted, capable of
inspiring timely initiatives in support of the poor and the outcast, especially
refugees forced to leave their villages and lands in order to flee
violence. The Church in America must encourage the international agencies
of the continent to establish an economic order dominated not only by the
profit motive but also by the pursuit of the common good of nations and of the
international community, the equitable distribution of goods and the integral
development of peoples. (JPII, #52) [emphasis added.]
The Pope’s
description of solidarity includes an international component. Buchanan is
firmly opposed to this. Regarding international agencies, he said:
As people
return their allegiance to the lands whence they came, transnational elites
pull us in the opposite direction. The final surrender of national sovereignty
to world government is now openly advocated. From Walter Cronkite to Strobe
Talbott, from the World Federalist Association to the UN Millennium Summit, the
chorus swells. At Maastricht in 1991, fifteen European nations, including
France, Italy, Germany, and Great Britain, decided to begin converting their
free-trade zone into a political union and transferring their sovereign powers
to a socialist superstate. In 2000, the president-elect of Mexico came here to
propose a North American Union of Canada, Mexico, and the United States. Though
the erasure of our borders would mean the end of our nation, Vicente Fox was
hailed in the U.S. media as a visionary … (Buchanan, p. 4)
+++ A note on the “culture of solidarity” +++
Taking the
Gospel as its starting-point, a culture of solidarity needs to be promoted,
capable of inspiring timely initiatives in support of the poor and the outcast,
especially refugees forced to leave their villages and lands in order to flee
violence. The Church in America must encourage the international agencies of
the continent to establish an economic order dominated not only by the profit
motive but also by the pursuit of the common good of nations and of the
international community, the equitable distribution of goods and the integral
development of peoples. (JPII, #52)
Culture
of life, of death, or work, of solidarity: the Pope paints with broad strokes.
He is ambitious, because he focused on the trying to discern the Lord’s plan
for the Third Millennium. A new culture in a new millennium may need new
vocabulary for its new concepts. Unpack just one sentence carefully.
The
Church in America must encourage …
the Church has a role to play here
…
the international agencies of the continent …
The Pope intends to work with
organizations like the UN
…
to establish an economic order …
The Pope intends to help shape the
economy
…
dominated not only by the profit motive
…
the profit motive is not totally
illegitimate, but it has limitations
…
but also by the pursuit of the common good …
Sometimes
the pursuit of the common good is dismissed as dangerous “socialism.”
Regardless of such confusion and fear, the Pope expects the Church to pursue
the common good
…
of nations and of the international community …
the
Pope’s teaching is not only for individuals, but also for society, on many
levels
…
the equitable distribution of goods …
“equitable”
isn’t “equal” – but it is opposed to radically imbalanced distribution of goods
…
and the integral development of peoples.
“development”
– the new word for peace in the teaching of St. Paul VI – is a whole complex
idea
The
”culture of solidarity” must be seen together with promoting a “culture of
life.” A culture of life, of work, of solidarity: to limit the impact of a
culture of death – to limit and then contain and then defeat it, and then to
replace it – requires a new civilization with all its components.
#53-54:
The Pope’s request for the Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church
In the
middle of contrasting Ecclesia in America and The Death of the West,
is it necessary to take a detour to another massive work? No, but understanding
the Pope’s exhortation to America includes his perception that many people – in
America and elsewhere – need help grasping the extent and the strength (and the
wisdom) of the Church’s social doctrine. It was during his work on helping America
prepare for the Third Millennium that the Pope decided to ask that this
Compendium be prepared.
54. Faced
with the grave social problems which, with different characteristics, are
present throughout America, Catholics know that they can find in the Church's
social doctrine an answer which serves as a starting-point in the search for
practical solutions. Spreading this doctrine is an authentic pastoral priority.
…
To this
end, it would be very useful to have a compendium or approved synthesis of
Catholic social doctrine, including a “Catechism”, which would show the
connection between it and the new evangelization. The part which the Catechism
of the Catholic Church devotes to this material, in its treatment of
the seventh commandment of the Decalogue, could serve as the starting-point for
such a “Catechism of Catholic Social Doctrine.” (#54)
This call
for a social doctrine compendium was issued in 1999. The Compendium was in fact
published and presented to Pope John Paul II in 2004, after Buchanan’s book. It
is a collection of previous teaching, organized by subject matter; nothing in
it was new teaching. So the fact that it came out after Buchanan’s book is not
significant; this was all teaching that had been available to Buchanan – and to
all Catholics and to all people of good will – for years. It was a growing body
of thought, beginning in 1891 with Pope Leo’s encyclical Rerum Novarum,
which opposed Communism but supported labor unions.
The Compendium
is not short like the Ten Commandments, nor familiar like the Ten Commandments,
nor ancient like the Ten Commandments. But the Compendium is careful to
connect the dots: the teaching in the Compendium is an elaboration of teaching
already found in the Catechism of the Catholic Church, specifically in
the Catechism’s explanation of the Seventh Commandment. This unfamiliarity does
not diminish its authority. The Compendium (#80) asserts: “Insofar as it is
part of the Church's moral teaching, the Church's social doctrine has the same
dignity and authority as her moral teaching. It is authentic Magisterium, which
obligates the faithful to adhere to it.”
The Compendium,
without notes and appendices, is over 100,000 words. But chapter 4 does outline
the teaching. “The permanent principles of the Church's social doctrine constitute
the very heart of Catholic social teaching. These are the principles
of:
·
the dignity of the human
person,
·
the common good;
·
subsidiarity; and
·
solidarity. [Compendium, #160]
To
understand its scope (without taking a few weeks or months to read the whole
thing carefully), it’s worthwhile to skim the chapters.
There’s an
introduction, a dozen chapters, and a conclusion.
·
Introduction:
An Integral and Solidary Humanism
·
Chapter
One: God’s Plan of Love for Humanity
·
Chapter
Two: The Church’s Mission and the Social Doctrine
·
Chapter
Three: The Human Person and Human Rights
·
Chapter
Four: Principles of the Church’s Social Teaching
·
Chapter
Five: The Family, The Vital Cell of Society
·
Chapter
Six: Human Work
·
Chapter
Seven: Economic Life
·
Chapter
Eight: The Political Community
·
Chapter
Nine: The International Community
·
Chapter
Ten: Safeguarding the Environment
·
Chapter
Eleven: The Promotion of Peace
·
Chapter
Twelve: Social Doctrine and Ecclesial Action
·
Conclusion:
For a Civilization of Love
The Pope
remarks that the Church’s social teaching is not familiar to most people – but should
be. It is particularly important for people who social or political
responsibilities – like, for example, Catholics who run for office or write
books about the future of American or Western or global society.
The
Church's social doctrine is an indispensable reference point for a totally
integrated Christian formation. The insistence of the Magisterium in proposing
this doctrine as a source of inspiration for the apostolate and for social
action comes from the conviction that it constitutes an extraordinary resource
for formation; “this is especially true for the lay faithful who have
responsibilities in various fields of social and public life. Above all, it is
indispensable that they have a more exact knowledge... of the Church's social
doctrine.” This doctrinal patrimony is neither taught nor known
sufficiently, which is part of the reason for its failure to be suitably
reflected in concrete behavior.
The
formative value of the Church's social doctrine should receive more attention
in catechesis. Catechesis is the systematic teaching of Christian doctrine in
its entirety, with a view to initiating believers into the fullness of Gospel
life. The ultimate aim of catechesis “is to put people not only in touch but in
communion, in intimacy, with Jesus Christ”. (Compendium, #528-529) [Emphasis
added.]
The list
of disagreements between Buchanan and the Compendium – and, therefore,
section #54 in Ecclesia in America – would be very long. And that, actually, is
the reason for contrasting Ecclesia in America and Buchanan’s The
Death of the West. The contrast seems to show that this doctrinal patrimony
was either not taught or not grasped sufficiently by the author of Death of
the West.
#55:
The globalization of solidarity
The Church
in America is called not only to promote greater integration between nations,
thus helping to create an authentic globalized culture of solidarity, (204) but
also to cooperate with every legitimate means in reducing the negative effects
of globalization, such as the domination of the powerful over the weak,
especially in the economic sphere, and the loss of the values of local cultures
in favor of a misconstrued homogenization. (JPII, #54)
Buchanan’s
view of globalization and solidarity have already been explored, above. He is
deadset against globalization, and considers solidarity to be a nice but weak
sort of thing. Recall his declaration: “Our loyalty to our own families,
countries, church, and culture comes first. So the lines are drawn in the
battle of the century. Patriotism or globalism.” (Buchanan, p. 239)
#56:
Social sins which cry to heaven
The
list here of sins that cry to heaven may be startling:
The Church's social doctrine also makes
possible a clearer appreciation of the gravity of the “social sins which cry to
heaven because they generate violence, disrupt peace and harmony between
communities within single nations, between nations and between the different
regions of the continent.” Among these must be mentioned:
·
the
drug trade
·
the
recycling of illicit funds
·
corruption
at every level
·
the
terror of violence
·
the
arms race
·
racial
discrimination
·
inequality
between social groups and
·
the
irrational destruction of nature.
It is
possible that Buchanan would be pleased to see the Pope criticizing
“neoliberalism” as one cause of the problem here. However, there are two
interesting differences between the Pope and Buchanan here. One is the use of
the term “social sin”: the term is important to the Pope but never used by
Buchanan. And the second is the context in which the two men think about the
scourge of drugs.
Whenever
the church speaks of situations of sin or when the condemns as social sins
certain situations or the collective behavior of certain social groups, big or
small, or even of whole nations and blocs of nations, she knows and she
proclaims that such cases of social sin are the result of the accumulation and
concentration of many personal sins. It is a case of the very personal sins of
those who cause or support evil or who exploit it; of those who are in a
position to avoid, eliminate or at least limit certain social evils but who
fail to do so out of laziness, fear or the conspiracy of silence, through
secret complicity or indifference; of those who take refuge in the supposed
impossibility of changing the world and also of those who sidestep the effort
and sacrifice required, producing specious reasons of higher order. The real
responsibility, then, lies with individuals. (Pope John Paul II, 1984, Reconciliatio
et Paenitentia, #16)
Note also
that the Pope lists the drug trade in a list of social sins that are mostly
violent, with some theft. By contrast, Buchanan discusses drugs as part of a destructive
lifestyle, along with sexual abuses.
As has
often been true in history, a new moral code was crafted to justify the new
lifestyle already adopted. As they indulged themselves in sex, drugs, riots,
and rock and roll, the young Jacobins had the reassurance of their indulgent
and pandering elders that, yes, indeed, “This is the finest young generation we
have ever produced.” (Buchanan, p. 31)
#57:
The ultimate foundation of human rights
The
foundation is “dignity.” The language here is not quite the same as standard
American political jargon. But in the Pope’s thinking and writing, the concept
of “dignity” is fundamental. And it corresponds roughly to one interpretation
of the American concept of “equality.” The concept of equality, in American
political discourse, is admittedly a little slippery. It seems to me that there
are three separate meanings for the word. Buchanan points to two: equality
before the law (which he embraces), equality of attainment (which he rejects),
and equality as a child of God – understood by Christians as plain fact or as a
metaphor by others. The Church usually uses the word dignity to refer to this
third meaning of the word “equality.”
It is
appropriate to recall that the foundation on which all human rights rest is the
dignity of the person. “God's masterpiece, man, is made in the divine image and
likeness. Jesus took on our human nature, except for sin; he advanced and
defended the dignity of every human person, without exception; he died that all
might be free. The Gospel shows us how Christ insisted on the centrality of the
human person in the natural order (cf. Lk 12:22-29) and in the
social and religious orders, even against the claims of the Law (cf. Mk 2:27):
defending men, women (cf. Jn 8:11) and even children
(cf. Mt 19:13-15), who in his time and culture occupied an
inferior place in society. The human being's dignity as a child of God is the
source of human rights and of corresponding duties.” For this reason, “every
offense against the dignity of man is an offense against God himself, in whose
image man is made.” This dignity is common to all, without exception, since all
have been created in the image of God (cf. Gen 1:26). (JPII,
#57)
Buchanan
does not notice or embrace the concept of equal dignity. (Recall, for example,
his dismissal of Catholic Native Americans who wish to immigrate into the USA:
he calls them invaders.) He uses “equality” in two ways, and does not have a
word that corresponds to the Pope’s concept of “dignity.”
The
equality the revolution [i.e., the cultural revolution of the 1960s and beyond]
preaches is a corruption of Jefferson’s idea “All men are created equal.”
Jefferson meant that all were endowed by their Creator with the same right to
life, liberty, and property, and all must be equal under the law. He rejected
egalitarianism. As he wrote John Adams in 1813: “I agree with you that there is
a natural aristocracy among men. The grounds of this are virtue and talent.” /
Measured by virtues and talents, it is more true to say that “no two men were
ever created equal.” What America is about is not equality of condition or
equality of result, but freedom, so a “natural aristocracy” of ability,
achievement, virtue, and excellence—from athletics to the arts to the
academy—can rise to lead, inspire, and set an example for us all to follow and
a mark for us all to aim at. Hierarchies are as natural as they are essential.
(Buchanan, pp. 62-63)
#58:
Preferential love for the poor and the outcast
The Church
intends to ensure that no one is marginalized.
The Church
in America must incarnate in her pastoral initiatives the solidarity of the
universal Church towards the poor and the outcast of every kind. Her attitude
needs to be one of assistance, promotion, liberation and fraternal openness.
The goal of the Church is to ensure that no one is marginalized. The memory of
the dark chapters of America's history, involving the practice of slavery and other
situations of social discrimination, must awaken a sincere desire for
conversion leading to reconciliation and communion. (JPII, #58)
This
stands in stark contrast to Buchanan’s ideal, that the West be exalted and most
of the world be marginalized. Note the way Buchanan explains Europe’s decline
vis-Ã -vis the rest of the world – without even pretending to try to understand
the perspective of everyone else.
The reels
of history are now running in reverse. The great retreat of the West, begun
with the collapse of Europe’s empires after World War II, reaches climax this
century, as the second great Islamic wave rolls into Europe and the peoples of
Central Asia and China reclaim what the czars took from them in centuries past.
By 2050, Russia will have lost slices of Siberia and will have been pushed out
of the Caucusus and back over the Urals into Europe. “If a clod be washed away
by the sea,” wrote the poet Donne, “Europe is the less, as well as if a
promontory were, as well as if a manor of thy friend’s or of thine own were …
therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee.”
(Buchanan, pp. 106-107)
But wait! Buchanan
is re-writing – and distorting – Donne! His quote about the continent of Europe
is a sliver of the whole! The meditation he quotes is about the whole of
mankind, not Europe; Europe is a large example, no more! Done writes, at the
beginning of Meditation XVII:
Perchance
he for whom this bell tolls may be so ill, as that he knows not it tolls for
him; and perchance I may think myself so much better than I am, as that they
who are about me, and see my state, may have caused it to toll for me, and I
know not that. The church is Catholic, universal, so are all her actions; all
that she does belongs to all. When she baptizes a child, that action concerns
me; for that child is thereby connected to that body which is my head too, and
ingrafted into that body whereof I am a member. And when she buries a man, that
action concerns me: all mankind is of one author, and is one volume …
How can
Buchanan possibly use Donne as an argument for lifting one piece out of the
whole? The mis-quote is immensely revealing of a fantastically determined
Euro-centrism, against all Christian wisdom.
#59:
Foreign debt
The
bishops of Asia and Africa as well as America decried the burden of
international debt, which can impose burdens that threaten human dignity. Ecclesia
in America notes carefully that the problem is complex, often caused in
part by corruption within the nations receiving aid. The synod “does not mean
to place on one side all the blame for a phenomenon which is extremely complex
in its origin and in the solutions which it demands.”
At the same
time, it would be unjust to impose the burden resulting from these
irresponsible decisions upon those who did not make them. The gravity of the
situation is all the more evident when we consider that even the payment of
interest alone represents a burden for the economy of poor nations, which
deprives the authorities of the money necessary for social development,
education, health and the establishment of a fund to create jobs. (JPII, #59)
Buchanan,
by contrast, is dismissive. It’s another item in his list of the marks of the
globalist ideology, his great enemy. “Support for the UN, foreign aid, treaties
to ban land mines, abolish nuclear weapons, punish war crimes, and forgive the
debts of poor nations are the marks of progressive men and women.” (Buchanan,
p. 54)
#60.
The fight against corruption
#61.
The drug problem
Both of
these reflect a difference, but not necessarily a disagreement, between the
Pope and Buchanan. Both men oppose both of these evils. The difference is, the
Pope views them as social sins, a category of thought that Buchanan doesn’t
use.
See above,
on section #56.
+++ Buchanan’s marks of globalism +++
Buchanan’s
remark about foreign debt comes in a list of issues, six of them.
In
politics, the new faith is globalist and skeptical of patriotism, for an
excessive love of country too often leads to suspicion of neighbors and thence
to war. The history of nations is a history of wars, and the new faith intends
an end of nations. Support for the UN, foreign aid,
treaties to ban land mines, abolish nuclear weapons, punish war crimes, and
forgive the debts of poor nations are the marks of progressive men and
women. Whenever a new supranational institution is formed—the World Trade
Organization, the Kyoto Protocol to prevent global warming, the new UN
International Criminal Court—the revolution will support the transfer of
authority and sovereignty from nations to the new institutions of global
governance. (Buchanan, p. 54)
Buchanan’s
list of progressive wrongs includes support for six items:
(1)
the
UN
(2)
foreign
aid
(3)
treaties
to:
(a)
ban
land mines
(b)
abolish
nuclear weapons
(c)
punish
war crimes
(d)
forgive
the debts of poor nations
Regarding
the UN: Every pope has supported the United Nations, since inception. See
especially Pope Paul VI’s speech at the UN in 1965 https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/en/speeches/1965/documents/hf_p-vi_spe_19651004_united-nations.html.
(I have
said repeatedly that the popes supported the League of Nations. That is an
error. They supported the concept when it was formed; they did not support the
League of Nations itself.)
Regarding
foreign aid: The Church’s magisterial teaching about foreign aid is forceful
but nuanced. The Church calls for foreign aid, but with respect for
subsidiarity and with attention to development. See Gaudium et Spes #83-90 https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19651207_gaudium-et-spes_en.html
Regarding
land mines: the Vatican was among the first signatories to the land mine ban
treaty in 1997. See https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/messages/pont_messages/2004/documents/hf_jp-ii_mes_20041122_conference-nairobi.html
Regarding
nuclear weapons: https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2019-11/hiroshima-nagasaki-video-then-and-now-pope-francis-visit-japan.html. The Catholic Church has supported
efforts to prevent nuclear war since World War II. See also Gaudium et Spes,
81: (https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19651207_gaudium-et-spes_en.html): “It is our clear duty,
therefore, to strain every muscle in working for the time when all war can be
completely outlawed by international consent. This goal undoubtedly requires
the establishment of some universal public authority acknowledged as such by
all and endowed with the power to safeguard on the behalf of all, security,
regard for justice, and respect for rights.”
With
regard to war crimes: “There is also present within the international community
an International Criminal Court to punish those responsible for particularly
serious acts such as genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and crimes
of aggression. The Magisterium has not failed to encourage this initiative time
and again.” (Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Catholic Church,
#506)
Regarding
debt forgiveness, see JPII #59, which is entitled “foreign debt.” This is in
his short list of seven specific issues that are a challenge to solidarity.
For six
out of six, Buchanan’s view is opposed to the clear and explicit teaching and
leadership of the Roman Catholic Church.
+++++++
#62.
The arms race
Neither
man focuses carefully and extensively on the arms race in the two documents at
hand. But the Pope says, briefly: “One factor seriously paralyzing the progress
of many nations in America is the arms race. The particular Churches in America
must raise a prophetic voice to condemn the arms race and the scandalous arms
trade.” And Buchanan says, briefly, in a list of the awful ideas from
progressive culture warriors: “Support for the UN, foreign aid, treaties to ban
land mines, abolish nuclear weapons, punish war crimes, and forgive the debts
of poor nations are the marks of progressive men and women.” (Buchanan, p. 54)
But
there’s more to note here.
Buchanan
points out the advantages of having nuclear weapons: “The only nuclear nation
ever attacked was Israel, by pin-prick Scud strikes from an Iraq that was being
demolished.” (p. 108) He notes also: “As the North Koreans have shown the
world, even a rogue nation can get a respectful hearing from the United States
if it can build an atom bomb.” (Buchanan, p. 108)
Buchanan
has a peculiar attitude towards America’s principal opponent since World War
II. He sympathizes with Russia, because it is another European and
traditionally Christian nation that built an empire, and then lost it to hordes
of barbarians – to non-Christian peoples of color. He argues that Russia should
join the West in shoving back against the rest of the world. In this context,
he could easily make an argument for nuclear disarmament, but he doesn’t. He
writes:
As for
Israel’s military might, it has no more halted her retreat than military
superiority halted the retreat of the West. Did Russia’s twenty thousand
nuclear weapons prevent the loss of Eastern Europe, the Baltic states, Ukraine,
Kazakhstan, and the rest of Moscow’s empire in the Caucasus and Central Asia?
(Buchanan, pp. 119-120)
If he
doesn’t think that nukes protect an empire, and protecting empires would end
the conflict between Russia and the rest of the West, why not mention how good
it could be to get rid of the nukes that America and Russia have pointed at
each other? It’s a curious omission.
#63.
The culture of death and a society dominated by the powerful
This section
is about abortion, mostly. And for the most part, they are in agreement,
although, again, the Pope thinks of abortion as a social evil arising within a
culture – the culture of death – not principally as the sin of a woman and a
doctor.
Added to
that, the Pope sees the problem in terms of power, at least in part, and
Buchanan does not.
But
mostly, they agree here.
#64.
Discrimination against indigenous peoples and Americans of African descent
The Holy
Father says:
If the
Church in America, in fidelity to the Gospel of Christ, intends to walk the
path of solidarity, she must devote special attention to those ethnic groups
which even today experience discrimination. Every attempt to marginalize the
indigenous peoples must be eliminated. This means, first of all, respecting
their territories and the pacts made with them; likewise, efforts must be made
to satisfy their legitimate social, health and cultural requirements. And how
can we overlook the need for reconciliation between the indigenous peoples and
the societies in which they are living? (JPII, #64)
Buchanan is
unimpressed. He says he opposes racism, but he does not believe the problem is
as serious or as prevalent as some would say.
Countering
Hate Crimes Propaganda with Truth.
Rather than just oppose hate crimes laws designed to demonize white males,
conservatives should insist that the Justice Department report annually on all
interracial violent crimes, including gang assaults and gang rapes, by race and
victim, and break down all sex crimes against children into the heterosexual
and homosexual. If it is true that white males commit a disproportionate share
of interracial crimes, we ought to know. If it is untrue, let us find out who
does. (Buchanan, p. 257)
The
difference in perception here may be conflicting data sets. But it may be that
Buchanan is unaccustomed to seeing social evils. It is in the nature of social
evils that personal participation in them is much more likely to be a sin of
omission than commission. See (again) the Pope’s words on social sin:
Such cases
of social sin are the result of the accumulation and concentration of many
personal sins. It is a case of the very personal sins
·
of
those who cause or support evil or who exploit it;
·
of
those who are in a position to avoid, eliminate or at least limit certain
social evils but who fail to do so out of
o laziness,
o fear or the conspiracy of silence,
o through secret complicity or
indifference;
·
of
those who take refuge in the supposed impossibility of changing the world and
also
·
of
those who sidestep the effort and sacrifice required, producing specious
reasons of higher order.
(Pope John
Paul II, 1984, Reconciliatio et Paenitentia, #16)
#65.
The question of immigrants
The teaching
of the Church is clear:
In its history, America has experienced
many immigrations, as waves of men and women came to its various regions in the
hope of a better future. The phenomenon continues even today, especially with
many people and families from Latin American countries who have moved to the
northern parts of the continent, to the point where in some cases they
constitute a substantial part of the population. They often bring with them
a cultural and religious heritage which is rich in Christian elements.
The Church is well aware of the problems created by this situation and is
committed to spare no effort in developing her own pastoral strategy among
these immigrant people, in order to help them settle in their new land and to
foster a welcoming attitude among the local population, in the belief that a mutual
openness will bring enrichment to all.
Church communities will not fail to see
in this phenomenon a specific call to live an evangelical fraternity and at the
same time a summons to strengthen their own religious spirit with a view to a
more penetrating evangelization. With this in mind, the Synod Fathers recalled
that the Church in America must be a vigilant advocate, defending against
any unjust restriction the natural right of individual persons to move freely
within their own nation and from one nation to another. Attention must be
called to the rights of migrants and their families and to respect for their
human dignity, even in cases of non-legal immigration. (JPII, #65)
[Emphasis added.]
Which
passage would one pick to show the contrast between the Pope and Buchanan on
this point? Most of Buchanan’s book is a repudiation of this clear and
authoritative teaching.
Chapter
VI: The Mission of the Church Today: The New Evangelization
The
chapter goes from section #66 to #76. There are three points in it that are
noteworthy in an effort to see the difference between the Pope’s teaching and
Buchanan’s thesis.
The new
evangelization in America must include a new focus on the formation of
consciences on the basis of the Church's social doctrine.
After
establishing this fundamental truth that must ground everything the Church
does, he makes a startling demand. He discusses the ways the Church serves the
poor, with a preferential option for the poor; but his ideas swerve
unexpectedly. In order to serve the poor, the Church must catechize leaders as
well. Sometimes, he says, the pastoral care of the poor was “marked by a
certain exclusiveness,” and so “the pastoral care for the leading sectors of
society has been neglected and many people have thus been estranged from the
Church.” The Church cannot fight the spread of secularism effectively without
them. There are still many leaders who are committed to building a just and fraternal
society. His challenge, then:
Pastors
will face the not easy task of evangelizing these sectors of society. With
renewed fervor and updated methods, they will announce Christ to leaders, men
and women alike, insisting especially on the
formation of consciences on the basis of the Church's social doctrine. (JPII,
#67) [Emphasis added.]
The new
evangelization in America must aim for a new culture.
My
Predecessor Paul VI widely remarked that “the split between the Gospel and
culture is undoubtedly the drama of our time”. (263) Hence the Synod Fathers
rightly felt that “the new evangelization calls for a clearly conceived,
serious and well organized effort to evangelize culture.” …
In America,
the mestiza face of the Virgin of Guadalupe was from the start a symbol of the
inculturation of the Gospel, of which she has been the lodestar and the guide.
Through her powerful intercession, the Gospel will penetrate the hearts of the
men and women of America and permeate their cultures, transforming them from
within. (JPII, #70)
On
freedom
Presenting
the Gospel of Christ in its entirety, the work of evangelization must respect
the inner sanctuary of every individual's conscience, where the decisive and
absolutely personal dialogue between grace and human freedom unfolds. (JPII,
#73)
Summary
I set out
looking for similarities and agreements, and differences and disagreements,
between Ecclesia in America and The Death of the West. Along the
way, I realized there’s another large and significant category: the ideas
proposed by the Pope that are unknown to ignored by of simply dismissed by
Buchanan.
Key
similarities:
·
a
deep love of America
·
a
deep respect for Western culture
·
a
concern about serious problems threatening America and the West
Key
differences:
·
what’s
“America”?
·
what’s
the “West”?
·
what
are the threats?
·
Buchanan
focused on the past century, while the Pope focused on the coming millennium
·
Buchanan
was near despair, but counsels courageous resistance
·
JPII
is full of hope, and counsels determined global cooperation
Key simple
skips:
·
social
doctrine, a body of thought
·
social
sin, a key concept
·
inculturation,
a key concept
·
the
continental synods and exhortations, for sure
·
all
papal and magisterial teaching in the past 150 years, possibly
·
the
concept of solidarity
·
Pope
St. Paul VI’s concept of “progressio,” or development, the new name for peace
Key
agreements:
·
the
right to life of the unborn
·
the
immense value of family life
·
subsidiarity
(although I didn’t focus on it)
Key
disagreements:
·
globalism
versus nationalism
·
arms
race
·
immigration
·
equality
·
ecumenism,
especially regarding Muslims
·
preferential
love for the poor
The thing
is, Buchanan speaks as a Catholic, and calls for Catholic unity against threats
to the West. But he often denounces Church teaching as complicit in the assault
on the West – not explicitly, probably ignorantly, but still directly and
forcefully.
His ideas
are not shaped by the Church. He recalls a body of thought – “Christendom” or
something like it – that is very different from the Catholic Church since Pope
Leo, and especially since Vatican II. In many important ways, his ideas the
clear teaching of the Church (the Magisterium of the Church) are diametrically
opposed.
+++++++
John, I’m immensely grateful to you for pushing me to read
Buchanan’s book. He is eloquent and clear, and I saw how his ideas hang
together. I understood many parts of conservative Republican perception of
America today that had baffled me. That was a great gift.
But there’s a fork in the road.
Buchanan values loyalty. He was loyal to Nixon, and he’s
loyal to a version of America, and a version of the West. But I think he’s
wrong about America, and wrong about the West, and opposed to the Catholic
Church. I intend to be loyal to the Lord and to the Church he guides, and to
follow her teaching and leadership.